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Trigintaduonions
Symbol
Type Hypercomplex algebra
Unitse0, ..., e31
Multiplicative identitye0
Main properties
Common systems
Less common systems

In abstract algebra, the trigintaduonions, also known as the 32-ions, 32-nions, 25-nions, or sometimes pathions (), [1] [2] form a 32- dimensional noncommutative and nonassociative algebra over the real numbers, [3] [4] usually represented by the capital letter T, boldface T or blackboard bold . [2]

Names

The word trigintaduonion is derived from Latin triginta 'thirty' + duo 'two' + the suffix -nion, which is used for hypercomplex number systems.

Although trigintaduonion is typically the more widely used term, Robert P. C. de Marrais instead uses the term pathion in reference to the 32 paths of wisdom from the Kabbalistic ( Jewish mystical) text Sefer Yetzirah, since pathion is shorter and easier to remember and pronounce. It is represented by blackboard bold . [1] Other names include 32-ion, 32-nion, 25-ion, and 25-nion.

Definition

Every trigintaduonion is a linear combination of the unit trigintaduonions , , , , ..., , which form a basis of the vector space of trigintaduonions. Every trigintaduonion can be represented in the form

with real coefficients xi.

The trigintaduonions can be obtained by applying the Cayley–Dickson construction to the sedenions, which can be mathematically expressed as . [5] Applying the Cayley–Dickson construction to the trigintaduonions yields a 64-dimensional algebra called the 64-ions, 64-nions, sexagintaquatronions, or sexagintaquattuornions, sometimes also known as the chingons. [6] [7] [8]

As a result, the trigintaduonions can also be defined as the following. [5]

An algebra of dimension 4 over the octonions :

where and

An algebra of dimension 8 over quaternions :

where and

An algebra of dimension 16 over the complex numbers :

where and

An algebra of dimension 32 over the real numbers :

where and

are all subsets of . This relation can be expressed as:

Multiplication

Properties

Like octonions and sedenions, multiplication of trigintaduonions is neither commutative nor associative. However, being products of a Cayley–Dickson construction, trigintaduonions have the property of power associativity, which can be stated as that, for any element of , the power is well defined. They are also flexible, and multiplication is distributive over addition. [9] As with the sedenions, the trigintaduonions contain zero divisors and are thus not a division algebra.

Geometric representations

Whereas octonion unit multiplication patterns can be geometrically represented by PG(2,2) (also known as the Fano plane) and sedenion unit multiplication by PG(3,2), trigintaduonion unit multiplication can be geometrically represented by PG(4,2). This can be also extended to PG(5,2) for the 64-nions, as explained in the abstract of Saniga, Holweck & Pracna (2015):

Given a -dimensional Cayley–Dickson algebra, where , we first observe that the multiplication table of its imaginary units , is encoded in the properties of the projective space if these imaginary units are regarded as points and distinguished triads of them and , as lines. This projective space is seen to feature two distinct kinds of lines according as or . [10]

An illustration of the structure of the (154 203) or Cayley–Salmon configuration

Furthermore, Saniga, Holweck & Pracna (2015) state that:

The corresponding point-line incidence structure is found to be a specific binomial configuration ; in particular, ( octonions) is isomorphic to the Pasch (62,43)-configuration, ( sedenions) is the famous Desargues (103)-configuration, (32-nions) coincides with the Cayley–Salmon (154,203)-configuration found in the well-known Pascal mystic hexagram and (64-nions) is identical with a particular (215,353)-configuration that can be viewed as four triangles in perspective from a line where the points of perspectivity of six pairs of them form a Pasch configuration. [10]

The configuration of -nions can thus be generalized as: [10]

Multiplication tables

The multiplication of the unit trigintaduonions is illustrated in the two tables below. Combined, they form a single 32×32 table with 1024 cells. [11] [5]

Below is the trigintaduonion multiplication table for . The top half of this table, for , corresponds to the multiplication table for the sedenions. The top left quadrant of the table, for and , corresponds to the multiplication table for the octonions.

Below is the trigintaduonion multiplication table for .