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Image 1
Roman province of Dacia (125 AD)
Roman Dacia (/ˈdeɪʃə/DAY-shə; also known as Dacia Traiana, "Trajan Dacia", or Dacia Felix, "Fertile/Happy Dacia") was a
province of the
Roman Empire from 106 to 271–275 AD. Its territory consisted of what are now the regions of
Oltenia,
Transylvania and
Banat (today all in
Romania, except the last one which is split between Romania,
Hungary, and
Serbia). During Roman rule, it was organized as an
imperial province on the borders of the empire. It is estimated that the population of Roman Dacia ranged from 650,000 to 1,200,000. It was conquered by
Trajan (98–117) after
two campaigns that devastated the
Dacian Kingdom of
Decebalus. However, the Romans did not occupy its entirety;
Crișana,
Maramureș, and most of
Moldavia remained under the
Free Dacians.
After its integration into the empire, Roman Dacia saw constant administrative division. In 119, it was divided into two departments: Dacia Superior ("Upper Dacia") and Dacia Inferior ("Lower Dacia"; later named Dacia Malvensis). Between 124 and around 158, Dacia Superior was divided into two provinces, Dacia Apulensis and Dacia Porolissensis. The three provinces would later be unified in 166 and be known as Tres Daciae ("Three Dacias") due to the ongoing
Marcomannic Wars. The area was the focus of a massive Roman colonization. New mines were opened and ore extraction intensified, while agriculture, stock breeding, and commerce flourished in the province. Roman Dacia was of great importance to the military stationed throughout the
Balkans and became an urban province, with about ten cities known and all of them originating from old
military camps. Eight of these held the highest rank of colonia.
Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa was the financial, religious, and legislative center and where the
imperial procurator (finance officer) had his seat, while
Apulum was Roman Dacia's military center. (Full article...)
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"Eu cred" (English: "I believe") is a song recorded by Romanian singer
Mălina Olinescu. It was recorded at the
TVR Music Studio in
Bucharest, and was released as a
CD single in 1998 by Mega Music in Romania. The release also contained "You Live", the English-language version of the song. "Eu cred" was written by Liliana Ștefan, while production was handled by
Adrian Romcescu [
ro].
The track represented
Romania in the
Eurovision Song Contest 1998 in
Birmingham, United Kingdom after winning the pre-selection show Selecția Națională. In Birmingham, Romania automatically qualified to the final due to their relegation in the previous year and finished in 22nd place with six points. This remains one of Romania's worst results ever in the contest. Commercially, "Eu cred" failed to impact any national chart. (Full article...)
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The Romanian Air Corps or Aviation Corps (RAC) (
Romanian: Corpul de Aviație) was the air arm of the
Romanian army until the formation of the
Romanian Air Force. It was established on 1 April 1913 as the Military Aeronautics Service (Serviciul de Aeronautică Militară) and subordinated to the Engineer Inspectorate, being organized in two branches – the
aviation and the
balloon branch. On 23 August 1915, the RAC was formed as an independent military arm and operated until 1 January 1924 when it became an equal to the Army and Navy, being redesignated as the Royal Romanian Air Force (Aeronautica Regală Română).
"Dincolo de nori" (Romanian pronunciation: [ˈdiŋkolo de ˈnorʲ]; English: "Beyond the Clouds") is a song recorded by Romanian singer
Dan Bittman at the Magic Sound Production in
Craiova and was released as a
CD single in 1994 by Metro Records Romania. "Dincolo de nori" was written by Antonio Furtuna and Bittman and produced solely by Furtuna, featuring a
bass guitar,
harmonica and keyboards in its instrumentation.
The track represented
Romania in the
Eurovision Song Contest 1994 (held in
Dublin, Ireland) after winning the pre-selection show Selecția Națională. In Dublin, Romania made its debut in the contest and finished in 21st place with 14 points. This remained Romania's worst result until their
1998 participation. One year after the event, "Dincolo de nori" was awarded Song of the Year by Romanian magazine Actualitatea muzicală [
ro]. The song was re-recorded in 1998 by Bittman and his group
Holograf for their 12th studio album Supersonic. (Full article...)
Burebista (
Ancient Greek: Βυρεβίστας, Βοιρεβίστας) was a
Thracian king of the
Getae and
Dacian tribes from 82/61BC to 45/44BC. He was the first king who successfully unified the tribes of the
Dacian Kingdom, which comprised the area located between the
Danube,
Tisza, and
Dniester rivers, and modern day
Romania and
Moldova. In the 7th and 6thcenturies BC it became home to the Thracian peoples, including the Getae and the Dacians. From the 4thcentury to the middle of the 2ndcentury BC the Dacian peoples were influenced by
La Tène Celts who
brought new technologies with them into Dacia. Sometime in the 2ndcentury BC the Dacians expelled the Celts from their lands. Dacians often warred with neighbouring tribes, but the relative isolation of the Dacian peoples in the
Carpathian Mountains allowed them to survive and even to thrive. By the 1stcentury BC the Dacians had become the dominant tribe.
From 61 BC onwards Burebista pursued a series of conquests that expanded the Dacian kingdom. The tribes of the
Boii and
Taurisci were destroyed early in his campaigns, followed by the conquest of the
Bastarnae and probably the
Scordisci peoples. He led raids throughout Thrace, Macedonia, and Illyria. From 55BC the
Greek cities on the west coast of the Black Sea were conquered one after another. These campaigns inevitably culminated in conflict with Rome in 48BC, at which point Burebista gave his support to
Pompey. This in turn made him an enemy to
Caesar, who decided to start a campaign against Dacia. This plan fell through in 44BC when Caesar was assassinated. Burebista himself was assassinated in a plot by the Dacian aristocracy at around the same time. (Full article...)
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"Noi doi" (
Romanian: "Us Both"; stylized as "Noi 2") is a song recorded by Romanian singer
Alexandra Stan for her fourth studio album, Mami (2018). It was
digitally released on 8 August 2017 through Alexandra Stan Records. The track was written and produced by Stan herself, with additional writing from Chriss JustUs, and production by Cristian Tarcea, Alex Parker and Laurențiu Popescu. "Noi doi" is Stan's first single as a lead artist to be entirely written and performed in Romanian. Lyrically, it features the singer asking her love interest to spend time at the beach with her. "Noi doi" received praise from a
music critic for its summery style and Stan's vocal delivery. An accompanying music video was uploaded onto Stan's official
YouTube channel simultaneously with the single's release. Shot by Bogdan Păun, it features Stan and two other women on a
yacht. Commercially, the song peaked at number 80 in Romania. (Full article...)
Upon its release, the album received positive reviews from
music critics, who commended that Inna showcased her versatility as an artist, but noted the songs lacked innovation and were similar to her past material. To promote Nirvana, three singles, "
Gimme Gimme", "
Ruleta", and "
Nirvana", preceded the record in 2017, to commercial success in some European countries. "Ruleta" notably reached number one in Lithuania and number three in Romania. The album itself failed to impact any country's charts. (Full article...)
Charles came to the Kingdom of Hungary upon the invitation of an influential Croatian lord,
Paul Šubić, in August 1300. Andrew III died on 14 January 1301, and within four months Charles was crowned king, but with a provisional crown instead of the
Holy Crown of Hungary. Most Hungarian noblemen refused to yield to him and elected
Wenceslaus of Bohemia king. Charles withdrew to the southern regions of the kingdom.
Pope Boniface VIII acknowledged Charles as the lawful king in 1303, but Charles was unable to strengthen his position against his opponent. Wenceslaus abdicated in favor of
Otto of Bavaria in 1305. Because it had no central government, the Kingdom of Hungary had disintegrated into a dozen provinces, each headed by a powerful
nobleman, or
oligarch. One of those oligarchs,
Ladislaus III Kán, captured and imprisoned Otto of Bavaria in 1307. Charles was elected king in
Pest on 27 November 1308, but his rule remained nominal in most parts of his kingdom even after he was crowned with the Holy Crown on 27 August 1310. (Full article...)
The
Catholic and
Orthodox Churches had coexisted in the southern and eastern territories of the medieval
Kingdom of Hungary for centuries. However, ideas that the Catholic Church regarded as
heresy were not tolerated: the Hungarian
Hussites were expelled from the country in the 1430s and the 1523
Diet of Hungary passed a decree that ordered the persecution of
Lutherans. The latter decree was in practice ignored during the civil war that followed the
Ottoman victory against the Hungarian army in the
Battle of Mohács in 1526. After the Ottomans occupied the central regions of the medieval kingdom in 1541, they allowed the infant John Sigismund to rule the lands to the east of the river
Tisza under the regency of his mother,
Isabella Jagiellon. In the early 1540s the Diets acknowledged the right of the Three Nations to freely regulate their internal affairs. The Saxons regarded religion as an internal affair and ordered the introduction of the Lutheran
Reformation in their settlements in 1544–1545. The Diet sanctioned the coexistence of the Catholic and Lutheran denominations only in 1557. (Full article...)
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"Tornerò" (Italian: [torneˈrɔ]; "I Will Return") is a song by Romanian singer
Mihai Trăistariu from his eighth studio album of the same name (2006). Released by CMC Entertainment on 3 July 2006, it was written by Cristian Hriscu, Mihaela Deac and its producer Eduard Cîrcotă. With English verses and a
refrain in Italian, "Tornerò" is a
disco,
pop,
dance and
rave song featuring Trăistariu using his higher
vocal range. The track won the Selecția Națională pre-selection show and represented
Romania in the
Eurovision Song Contest 2006, held in
Athens, Greece. There, the singer was pre-qualified for the Grand Final, where he finished fourth with 172 points. On stage, three male and two female dancers from Romanian dance group Big Bounce accompanied Trăistariu, performing a mixture of
ballet and
contemporary dance.
Music critics gave generally positive reviews of the song, praising its catchiness and the singer's vocal delivery. "Tornerò" received airplay in various countries and chartwise peaked at number thirty-eight on the
Romanian Top 100, and reached the top ten in Finland and Greece, as well as the top forty in Sweden. The song was also awarded a prize by Romanian magazine V.I.P and received nominations at the Greek
MTV Music Awards, Romanian Top Hits Awards and
Radio România Actualități Awards. The promotion of "Tornerò" consisted of various live performances and endeavours, as well as the release of an accompanying music video in 2006. Artists such as Greek singer
Anna Vissi and Romanian recording artist
Lora have covered the track. (Full article...)
"Zaleilah"
represented Romania in the
2012 Eurovision Song Contest in
Baku, Azerbaijan, after winning the pre-selection show Selecția Națională. The country reached 12th place in a field of 26, scoring a total of 71 points. Mandinga's show featured the band members performing choreography and accompanying Ionescu, with
pyrotechnics and fireworks also being used. The song received mixed reviews from music critics. While it was praised for its
catchiness and dance nature, some viewed it as mediocre and unoriginal. "Zaleilah" received a nomination in the Best Song category at the 2011
Romanian Music Awards. (Full article...)
"Kylie" is a song by Romanian group
Akcent from their fourth studio album, S.O.S. (2005). It was written by two of the group's members,
Adrian Sînă and Marius Nedelcu, alongside its producers
Sebastian Barac,
Radu Bolfea,
Marcel Botezan and
Viorel Şipoş. The track was initially released as "Dragoste de închiriat" (Romanian: "Love for Rent") on 28 January 2005, before being re-released in June in English under its current title. "Kylie" is a
dance track which describes the group's fondness of Australian singer
Kylie Minogue.
Reception towards the group's association with Minogue was mixed, two reviewers were critical of it, while one considered that it made the group stand out. Commercially, "Dragoste de închiriat" reached number two in Romania, while "Kylie" entered the charts in several European countries, including Denmark, Finland, Sweden, and the Netherlands. A music video, directed by Iulian Moga, premiered on
MTV in April 2005. It depicts the group's members engaging in suggestive actions with one woman separately. The group performed both versions of the song on various occasions. (Full article...)
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"Don't Break My Heart" is a song recorded by Romanian singer
Nicola for her
greatest hits albumBest of Nicola (2003) and fourth studio album De mă vei chema (2004). Written by Nicola and produced by her then-husband Mihai Alexandru, it was released as a
CD single in 2003 by
Cat Music. Musically, "Don't Break My Heart" is an uptempo
dance recording.
The track represented
Romania in the
Eurovision Song Contest 2003 in
Riga, Latvia after winning the pre-selection show Selecția Națională. In Riga, Nicola was automatically qualified to the Grand Final, where she finished in tenth place with 73 points. During her show, the singer performed in front of background dancers who were rotating overdimensional discs in the colors of the
Romanian flag. Although a remix of the song received airplay on multiple radio stations in the United States, it failed to impact any national chart. (Full article...)
An accompanying music video for "Gimme Gimme" was shot by
Edward Aninaru in October 2016 in
San Miguel de Allende, Mexico, and was uploaded onto Inna's
YouTube channel simultaneously with the single's release. During the filming sessions, the singer was accompanied by a Romanian and South American team, and both John Perez and Khaled Mokhtar served as
directors of photography. The clip portrays Inna exploring the city and ends with her appearance at a party at night.
Music critics were positive towards the recording, calling it summery and noting its club-oriented style. Commercially, it reached the top 20 in Romania, Turkey and the French, Polish and British club charts. (Full article...)
, the National Institute of Public Health has reported around 2,200,000 cases, 1,800,000 recoveries, and 60,000 COVID-19-related deaths. More than 11.7 million
RT-PCR tests and more than 7.3 million
rapid antigen tests have been processed. (Full article...)
Tudor Gheorghe (Romanian pronunciation: [ˈtudor ˈɡe̯orɡe]; born August 1, 1945) is a Romanian
musician,
actor, and
poet known primarily for his politically charged musical career and his collaborations with well-known figures of late 20th-century
Romanian poetry. His recording work is sometimes associated with
anti communist activism and has received much critical acclaim during the years. The son of an
Iron Guard member, he was banned from performing and recording in 1987 after a concert at
Sala Palatului in
Bucharest, following a number of run-ins with Romania's
communist authorities throughout the 1970s and 1980s.
Tudor started out as an actor, graduating from the
Caragiale Academy of Theatrical Arts and Cinematography in
Bucharest in 1966 and later started composing music as a means of expressing his interest in
Romanian poetry. His first national tour in 1969 was critically and commercially acclaimed and established him as a figure of the fledgling
contemporary folk scene in Romania. His recording career, spanning fifty years, has frequently defied pop music conventions while exploring various traditions in Romanian music, from
folk,
religious music, the
anti-communist anthems of
Jean Moscopol to
popular music of
interwar Romania, at times embracing even
children's or
classical music. Throughout his early career, he performed with a guitar or
lute with no backing musicians or vocalists but, starting in the early 2000s, he has incorporated orchestras, choirs, and
tarafs into his performances. He resumed his musical career in 1992 but, dissatisfied with the way
promoters wanted to market his music, took another six-year break from performing live. He has been touring constantly since 1998 and has recorded most of his concerts, releasing them as albums and generally avoiding studio work. (Full article...)
... that, while drunk, Romanian government minister Gheorghe Chițu allegedly had a dentist "pull out the roots of all his molars and his front teeth", resulting in permanent neurological damage?
... that Caloian, a ritual once practiced in southern and eastern Romania, involved the burial of a figurine by young girls, one of whom acted as a priest?
Image 3Ethnic map of Greater Romania according to the
1930 census. Sizeable ethnic minorities put Romania at odds with Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Soviet Union throughout the interwar period. (from History of Romania)
Image 14Seal of Michael the Brave during the personal union of the two Romanian principalities with Transylvania (from History of Romania)
Image 15Romania after the territorial losses of 1940. The recovery of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina was the catalyst for Romania's entry into the war on Germany's side. (from History of Romania)
Image 16Harvest time in Romania, early 20th century (from Culture of Romania)
Image 221941 stamp depicting a Romanian and a German soldier in reference to the two countries' common participation in Operation Barbarossa. The text below reads "the holy war against
Bolshevism". (from History of Romania)
Image 33The Principalities of
Moldavia and
Wallachia in 1786, Italian map by G. Pittori, since the geographer Giovanni Antonio Rizzi Zannoni. (from History of Romania)
Image 40Leutnant Emil Rebreanu was awarded the Medal for Bravery in gold, the highest military award given by the Austrian command to an ethnic Romanian; he would later be hanged for desertion while trying to escape to Romania. Was the inspiration for his brother's famous novel "The Forest of the Hanged" (from History of Romania)
Image 67Romania has seen its largest waves of protests against judicial reform ordinances of the PSD-ALDE coalition during the
2017–2019 Romanian protests. (from History of Romania)
Image 76Bran Castle (
German: Törzburg,
Hungarian: Törcsvár) built in 1212, is commonly known as Dracula's Castle and is situated in the centre of present-day Romania. In addition to its unique
architecture, the
castle is famous because of persistent myths that it was once the home of
Vlad III Dracula. (from History of Romania)
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