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Image 1
The logo of the Romanian Top 100, Romania's national chart until 2012. Multiple
record charts have been inaugurated in
Romania since the 1990s. The Romanian Top 100 was the country's national chart until 2012. Founded in 1995, it was a ranking based on the compilation of charts submitted by local Romanian radio stations. The Romanian Top 100 was published weekly and was also announced during a radio show starting in 1998. Compilation of the list was first handled by Body M Production A-V, followed by
Media Forest. In the 2010s, the chart was announced during a podcast on
Kiss FM, but the broadcast ended in February 2012.
Later that month, the Airplay 100—which was compiled by Media Forest and also broadcast by Kiss FM—replaced the Romanian Top 100 as a national chart. Until its cancellation in November 2021, it measured the
airplay of songs on radio stations and television channels throughout the country. For a short period of time during the late 2000s and early 2010s,
Nielsen Music Control and
Uniunea Producătorilor de Fonograme din România (UPFR) jointly published airplay charts; UPFR resumed publishing charts in November 2021, in collaboration with BMAT. Media Forest has also been issuing
weekly radio and television airplay charts since 2009. In February 2022, Billboard inaugurated Romania Songs, a
streaming and
digital download-based chart compiled by
MRC Data. (Full article...)
Image 2
Blanche Zélia Joséphine Delacroix, better known as Caroline Lacroix (French pronunciation:[kaʁɔlinlakʁwa]; 13 May 1883 – 12 February 1948), was the most prominent and notorious of
Leopold II of Belgium's mistresses.
Delacroix, who was of
French origin, met the king in
Paris as a young girl, when she was only 16 and he was 65. At that time, she earned her living from
prostitution. They soon embarked upon a relationship that was to last until his death in 1909. Leopold lavished upon her large sums of money, estates, gifts, and a noble title, baronne de Vaughan (Baroness Vaughan). Because of these presents, Caroline was deeply unpopular both among the Belgian people and internationally, as Leopold became increasingly criticized for his greed-induced actions in the
Congo Free State, his own personal colony. As Caroline largely profited from the king's income from the colony, she became known as La reine du Congo ("The Queen of the Congo"). (Full article...)
The Golubac Fortress (
Serbian: Голубачки град or Golubački grad) was a
medievalfortified town on the south side of the
Danube River, 4 km (2.5 mi) downstream from the modern-day town of
Golubac,
Serbia. According to recent discoveries, the fortress, which was built during the 14th century by
Medieval Serbian state, is split into three compounds which were built in stages. It has ten towers, most of which started square, and several of which received many-sided reinforcements with the advent of firearms. Towers were not connected for easier defense. Also inside the fortress were found Serbian Medieval frescos.
Golubac Fortress has had a tumultuous history. Prior to its construction it was the site of a
Roman settlement. During the
Middle Ages, it became the object of many battles, especially between the
Ottoman Empire and the
Kingdom of Hungary. It changed hands repeatedly, passing between
Turks,
Bulgarians,
Hungarians,
Serbs, and
Austrians, until 1867, when it was turned over to the Serbian
Knez,
Mihailo Obrenović III. In the 21st century it is a popular tourist attraction in the region and a sightseeing point on Danube boat tours. (Full article...)
Bocskai's career started when his
underage nephew,
Sigismund Báthory, became the ruler of Transylvania in 1581. After the
Diet of Transylvania declared Sigismund of age in 1588, Bocskai was one of the few members of Sigismund's council who supported his plan to join an anti-Ottoman coalition. Sigismund made Bocskai captain of Várad (now
Oradea in Romania) in 1592. After the pro-Ottoman noblemen forced Sigismund to renounce his throne in 1594, Bocskai supported him in his bid to regain it, for which Sigismund rewarded him with estates confiscated from the leaders of the opposition. On Sigismund's behalf Bocskai signed a treaty concerning the membership of Transylvania in the
Holy League in Prague on 28January 1595. He led the Transylvanian army to
Wallachia, which had been occupied by the Ottomans. The Christian troops liberated Wallachia and defeated the retreating Ottoman army in the
Battle of Giurgiu on 29September 1595. (Full article...)
Image 6
Location of the battle
The Battle of Vaslui (also referred to as the Battle of Podul Înalt or the Battle of Racova) was fought on 10 January 1475, between
Stephen III of Moldavia and the
Ottoman governor of
Rumelia,
Hadım Suleiman Pasha. The battle took place at Podul Înalt ("the High Bridge"), near the town of
Vaslui, in
Moldavia (now part of eastern
Romania). The
Ottoman troops numbered up to 120,000, facing about 40,000 Moldavian troops, plus smaller numbers of allied and mercenary troops.
Stephen inflicted a decisive defeat on the Ottomans, with casualties according to
Venetian and Polish records reaching beyond 40,000 on the Ottoman side.
Mara Branković (Mara Hatun), the former younger wife of
Murad II, told a Venetian envoy that the invasion had been the worst ever defeat for the Ottomans. Stephen was later awarded the title Athleta Christi ("Champion of Christ") by
Pope Sixtus IV, who referred to him as "verus christianae fidei athleta" ("the true defender of the Christian faith"). (Full article...)
Image 7
"Amnesia" is a song recorded by Romanian singer
Roxen,
digitally released by
Warner Music Poland on 4 March 2021. It was written by Adelina Stîngă and Victor Bouroșu, while the production was solely handled by the latter. A dark
ballad, the song's lyrics discuss combatting self-neglection in modern society, referring to this phenomenon as "self-love amnesia".
Music critics generally applauded the song, with praise concentrated on its catchiness and commercial appeal, as well as on Roxen's vocal delivery. For promotional purposes, a
music video was released simultaneously with the digital premiere of the song and was directed by Bogdan Păun. Filmed at an empty
National Theatre Bucharest, the visual shows Roxen and several dancers performing
contemporary dance to portray the story of a person who manages to gain control over their surrounding fears.
Romanian broadcaster
Romanian Television (TVR)
internally selected Roxen as Romania's contestant and "Amnesia" as the nation's entry for the
Eurovision Song Contest 2021. The singer was previously scheduled to perform "
Alcohol You" at the
2020 contest, which was cancelled due to the
COVID-19 pandemic. Presenting a stage show similar to the music video of the song, Roxen failed to progress from the semi-finals, placing 12th in a field of 16 with 85 points, marking Romania's third non-qualification in the contest. Upon the event, "Amnesia" reached numbers 51 and 26 on Lithuania's
AGATA and the Netherlands'
Single Tip rankings, respectively. (Full article...)
Image 8
"Me Gusta" (English: "I Like") is a song recorded by Romanian singer
Inna. Written by Inna and produced by
David Ciente, the track was released for
digital download and
streaming on 14 February 2018 by
Roton and Empire Music Management. "Me Gusta" is a Spanish language song, featuring an
electronic production and beat
drops. A
reviewer noted an Asian sound. Lyrically, Inna admires a man's presence and dance abilities.
Music critics were positive towards "Me Gusta", praising its production and catchiness, and predicting its commercial success. An accompanying music video for the song was uploaded onto Inna's official
YouTube channel on 13 February 2018 to positive response. Shot by Barna Nemethi, it shows Inna performing to the track on streets of
Bucharest and
Barcelona. Prior to the single's release, Inna sang "Me Gusta" on Romanian radio station Radio ZU. Commercially, it peaked at number 89 in Romania. (Full article...)
Image 9
The 99th Military Base Deveselu (Baza Militară 99 Deveselu), or the Deveselu Military Base, is a
RomanianNATO base hosting the
United States NavyAegis Ashore Ballistic Missile Defense System. The base consists of three military units: The Romanian 99th Military Base, which hosts two American bases: the Naval Support Facility Deveselu and the Aegis Ashore Defense System Romania. Located in
Deveselucommune,
Olt County, the base has an area of 900 ha (2,200 acres); of those, 170 ha (420 acres) are used by the U.S. forces.
The Deveselu base is operated by about 500 Romanian soldiers, 250 U.S. troops, and other personnel. The current base commander is
Colonel Marius Chiriță. (Full article...)
Image 10
The Romanian Air Corps or Aviation Corps (RAC) (
Romanian: Corpul de Aviație) was the air arm of the
Romanian army until the formation of the
Romanian Air Force. It was established on 1 April 1913 as the Military Aeronautics Service (Serviciul de Aeronautică Militară) and subordinated to the Engineer Inspectorate, being organized in two branches – the
aviation and the
balloon branch. On 23 August 1915, the RAC was formed as an independent military arm and operated until 1 January 1924 when it became an equal to the Army and Navy, being redesignated as the Royal Romanian Air Force (Aeronautica Regală Română).
Anca Giurchescu née Ciortea (19 December
1930 – 4 April
2015) was a
Romanian researcher of folk dance, and an
ethnochoreologist, one of the founders of the discipline. Born in Bucharest to a family formerly from Translylvania, she lived in that region as a child. Entering university, she studied dance at the
National Institute of Physical Education. During her schooling, she participated in competitive target shooting and was a silver (team) and bronze (individual) medalist in the 1955
European Shooting Championship. While still studying, she began working as a researcher at the
Folklore Institute [
ro] and in 1962 became a member of the
International Council for Traditional Music. The Council established a working group which included Giurchescu, that laid the foundation for the science of
ethnochoreology.
In 1979, Giurchescu joined her husband in
Copenhagen, after attending a seminar in
Belfast, and
defected. She continued her research into the cultural, historical, and social context of dance and taught throughout Europe and the United States. In 1989, the family returned to Romania, when the
Socialist Republic of Romania was overthrown and remained for four years before returning to Copenhagen. She led numerous international research trips to study rituals and dance traditions among various ethnic minorities with roots in Romania and the surrounding countries. She was chair of the Study Group on Ethnochoreology of the
International Council for Traditional Music from 1998 to 2006 and founding chair of their Ethnochoreology Sub-Study Group on Field Research Theory and Methods, leading it from 1990 to 2014. (Full article...)
Image 12
"Don't Break My Heart" is a song recorded by Romanian singer
Nicola for her
greatest hits albumBest of Nicola (2003) and fourth studio album De mă vei chema (2004). Written by Nicola and produced by her then-husband Mihai Alexandru, it was released as a
CD single in 2003 by
Cat Music. Musically, "Don't Break My Heart" is an uptempo
dance recording.
The track represented
Romania in the
Eurovision Song Contest 2003 in
Riga, Latvia after winning the pre-selection show Selecția Națională. In Riga, Nicola was automatically qualified to the Grand Final, where she finished in tenth place with 73 points. During her show, the singer performed in front of background dancers who were rotating overdimensional discs in the colors of the
Romanian flag. Although a remix of the song received airplay on multiple radio stations in the United States, it failed to impact any national chart. (Full article...)
Image 13
Menumorut or Menumorout (Modern
Hungarian: Ménmarót) was the ruler of the lands between the rivers
Mureș,
Someș and
Tisza at the time of the
Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin around 900, according to the Gesta Hungarorum, a Hungarian chronicle written after 1150 by an unidentified author, referred to as
Anonymus. Historians debate whether Menumorut was an actual ruler or a fictional character created by the author, since the Gesta tells of multiple figures, including Menumorut, who are not identified in any other primary sources, and does not name any of the enemies of the invading Hungarians written of in other contemporary accounts of the invasion. According to Anonymus, Menumorut's duchy was populated primarily with
Khazars and
Székelys, and he acknowledged the
suzerainty of the (unnamed) ruling
Byzantine Emperor at the time. (Full article...)
Image 14
"Te Vas" (English: "You Go" or "You Leave") is a song by Romanian singer
Inna,
digitally released on 31 May 2019 by
Global Records as the fifth single from her sixth studio album Yo (2019). It was written by Inna and Cristina Maria Chiluiza, while production was handled by
Sebastian Barac,
Marcel Botezan,
David Ciente and
Alexandru Cotoi. A Spanish-language
house song reminiscent of Inna's past material, the track lyrically discusses the bond between two separated lovers.
An accompanying music video for "Te Vas" was uploaded onto Inna's
YouTube channel on 30 May 2019. Directed by Bogdan Păun, it features the singer and Dragoș Istvan performing a mixture of
contemporary dance and
acrobatics, representing an on-and-off relationship. For further promotion, Inna performed "Te Vas" for Romanian radio station
Kiss FM in June 2019. The track peaked at number 36 on Romania's
Airplay 100 chart. It was included in a The Baker and the Beauty episode. (Full article...)
Image 15
"Kylie" is a song by Romanian group
Akcent from their fourth studio album, S.O.S. (2005). It was written by two of the group's members,
Adrian Sînă and Marius Nedelcu, alongside its producers
Sebastian Barac,
Radu Bolfea,
Marcel Botezan and
Viorel Şipoş. The track was initially released as "Dragoste de închiriat" (Romanian: "Love for Rent") on 28 January 2005, before being re-released in June in English under its current title. "Kylie" is a
dance track which describes the group's fondness of Australian singer
Kylie Minogue.
Reception towards the group's association with Minogue was mixed, two reviewers were critical of it, while one considered that it made the group stand out. Commercially, "Dragoste de închiriat" reached number two in Romania, while "Kylie" entered the charts in several European countries, including Denmark, Finland, Sweden, and the Netherlands. A music video, directed by Iulian Moga, premiered on
MTV in April 2005. It depicts the group's members engaging in suggestive actions with one woman separately. The group performed both versions of the song on various occasions. (Full article...)
Carol I or Charles I of Romania (20 April 1839 – 10 October [
O.S. 27 September] 1914), born Prince Karl of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, was the monarch of Romania from 1866 to his death in 1914, ruling as
Prince (Domnitor) from 1866 to 1881, and as
King from 1881 to 1914. He was elected Prince of the
Romanian United Principalities on 20 April 1866 after the overthrow of
Alexandru Ioan Cuza by a palace
coup d'état. In May 1877, Romania was proclaimed an independent and sovereign nation. The defeat of the
Ottoman Empire (1878) in the
Russo-Turkish War secured Romanian independence, and he was proclaimed King on 26 March [
O.S. 14 March] 1881. He was the first ruler of the
Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen dynasty, which ruled the country until the proclamation of a
socialist republic in 1947.
During his reign, Carol I personally led Romanian troops during the Russo-Turkish War and assumed command of the Russo/Romanian army during the
siege of Plevna. The country achieved internationally recognized independence via the
Treaty of Berlin, 1878 and acquired
Southern Dobruja from
Bulgaria in 1913. In 1883 the king entered a top-secret military alliance with the
Austro-Hungarian Empire, despite popular demands against
Hungary. When World War I broke out he was unable to activate the alliance. Romania remained neutral and in 1916 joined the
Allies. (Full article...)
Constantin "Dinu" Lipatti (Romanian pronunciation:[ˈdinuliˈpati]ⓘ; 1 April [
O.S. 19 March] 1917 – 2 December 1950) was a Romanian
classical pianist and composer whose career was cut short by his death from effects related to
Hodgkin's disease at age 33. He was elected posthumously to the
Romanian Academy. He composed few works, all of which demonstrated a strong influence from
Bartok.
The Fortress of Arad is a fortification system built in the city of
Arad, on the left bank of the
Mureş River in the 18th century at the direct order of the Habsburg Empress
Maria Theresa.
... that Romanian literary scholar Dan Simonescu, who edited a chronicle dealing with the reign of
Michael the Brave, had to delete any mention of Michael having "all the Jews murdered"?
... that film critic and censor D. I. Suchianu wanted Romanian moviegoers to cease "falling asleep whenever they're not shown a naked breast [or] a hip that's getting some action"?
Image 6Lieutenant Emil Rebreanu was awarded the Medal for Bravery in gold, the highest military award given by the Austrian command to an ethnic Romanian; he would later be hanged for desertion while trying to escape to Romania. (from History of Romania)
Image 7The Principalities of
Moldavia and
Wallachia in 1786, Italian map by G. Pittori, since the geographer Giovanni Antonio Rizzi Zannoni (from History of Romania)
Image 8Romanian keyboard with special characters (from Culture of Romania)
Image 12Romania after the territorial losses of 1940. The recovery of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina was the catalyst for Romania's entry into the war on Germany's side. (from History of Romania)
Image 20Romania has seen its largest waves of protests against judicial reform ordinances of the PSD-ALDE coalition during the
2017–2019 Romanian protests. (from History of Romania)
Image 21The foundation of the First Bulgarian Empire (from History of Romania)
Image 30Ethnic map of Greater Romania according to the
1930 census. Sizeable ethnic minorities put Romania at odds with Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Soviet Union throughout the interwar period. (from History of Romania)
Image 42Bran Castle (
German: Törzburg,
Hungarian: Törcsvár) built in 1212, is commonly known as Dracula's Castle and is situated in the centre of present-day Romania. In addition to its unique
architecture, the
castle is famous because of persistent myths that it was once the home of
Vlad III Dracula. (from History of Romania)
Image 711941 stamp depicting a Romanian and a German soldier in reference to the two countries' common participation in Operation Barbarossa. The text below reads the holy war against
Bolshevism. (from History of Romania)
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