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The 1990s Portal

From top-left, clockwise: The Hubble Space Telescope orbits the Earth after it was launched in 1990; American F-16s and F-15s fly over burning oil fields in Operation Desert Storm, also known as the 1991 Gulf War; the signing of the Oslo Accords on 13 September 1993; the World Wide Web gains a public face at the start of the decade and gains massive popularity worldwide; Boris Yeltsin and followers stand on a tank in defiance to the August Coup, which leads to the dissolution of the Soviet Union on 26 December 1991; Dolly the sheep is the first mammal to be cloned from an adult somatic cell; the funeral procession of Diana, Princess of Wales, who died in 1997 in a car crash in Paris, and was mourned by millions; hundreds of thousands of Tutsi people are killed in the Rwandan genocide of 1994. This would become a factor in initiating the Second Congo War of 1998.

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P:1990s

The 1990s (pronounced "nineteen-nineties"; shortened to "the '90s") was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on 1 January 1990, and ended on 31 December 1999.

Culturally, the 1990s are characterized by the rise of multiculturalism and alternative media, which continues into the present day. Movements such as hip hop, the rave scene and grunge spread around the world to young people during that decade, aided by then-new technology such as cable television and the World Wide Web.

In the absence of world communism, which collapsed in the first two years of the decade, the 1990s was politically defined by a movement towards the right-wing, including increase in support for far-right parties in Europe^[1] as well as the advent of the Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party^[2] and cuts in social spending in the United States,^[3] Canada,^[4] New Zealand,^[5] and the UK.^[6] The United States also saw a massive revival in the use of the death penalty in the 1990s, which reversed in the early 21st century.^[7] During the 1990s the character of the European Union and Euro were formed and codified in treaties.

A combination of factors, including the continued mass mobilization of capital markets through neo-liberalism, the thawing of the decades-long Cold War, the beginning of the widespread proliferation of new media such as the Internet from the middle of the decade onwards, increasing skepticism towards government, and the dissolution of the Soviet Union led to a realignment and reconsolidation of economic and political power across the world and within countries. The dot-com bubble of 1997–2000 brought wealth to some entrepreneurs before its crash between 2000 and 2001.

The 1990s saw extreme advances in technology, with the World Wide Web, the first gene therapy trial, and the first designer babies^[8] all emerging in 1990 and being improved and built upon throughout the decade.

New ethnic conflicts emerged in Africa, the Balkans, and the Caucasus, the former two which led to the Rwandan and Bosnian genocides, respectively. Signs of any resolution of tensions between Israel and the Arab world remained elusive despite the progress of the Oslo Accords, though The Troubles in Northern Ireland came to a standstill in 1998 with the Good Friday Agreement after 30 years of violence.^[9]

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The July 1995 Chicago heat wave led to 739 heat-related deaths in Chicago over a period of five days. Most of the victims of the heat wave were elderly poor residents of the city, who could not afford air conditioning and did not open windows or sleep outside for fear of crime. The heat wave also heavily impacted the wider Midwestern region, with additional deaths in both St. Louis, Missouri and Milwaukee, Wisconsin. ( Full article...)

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... that genderless fashion in Japan was inspired by K-pop groups, visual kei, and 1980s–1990s American fashion?
... that according to an elaborate 1990s joke, Elmo Aardvark was history's first animated cartoon character?
... that Gertrude Degenhardt illustrated her brother-in-law Franz Josef Degenhardt's song albums in the 1960s, and created art books such as Women in Music and Vagabondage in Blue in the 1990s?
... that Blue Square owned the franchise rights for operating IKEA in Israel during the 1990s?
... that surgeon Margaret Louden developed a treatment for people crushed by rubble during the The Blitz, but her contribution was forgotten until the 1990s?
... that Pyrenean Mountain Dogs were urgently introduced onto French farms in the 1990s to protect flocks from wolves that had arrived from Italy?

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1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt

Tanks near the Red Square in Moscow during the failed coup attempt. The USSR fell just 4 months later.

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Armstrong before the 2009 Tour Down Under

Lance Edward Armstrong ( né Gunderson; born September 18, 1971) is an American former professional road racing cyclist. Regarded as a sports icon for winning the Tour de France seven consecutive times from 1999 to 2005, Armstrong's reputation was tarnished by a doping scandal that led to him being stripped of his Tour de France titles.

At age 16, Armstrong began competing as a triathlete and was a national sprint-course triathlon champion in 1989 and 1990. In 1992, he began his career as a professional cyclist with the Motorola team. He had success between 1993 and 1996 with the World Championship in 1993, the Clásica de San Sebastián in 1995, Tour DuPont in 1995 and 1996, and a handful of stage victories in Europe, including stage 8 of the 1993 Tour de France and stage 18 of the 1995 Tour de France. In 1996, he was diagnosed with a potentially fatal metastatic testicular cancer. After his recovery, he founded the Lance Armstrong Foundation (now the Livestrong Foundation) to assist other cancer survivors. ( Full article...)

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Bill Clinton Jean Chrétien Celine Dion Kurt Cobain Selena Snoop Dogg Christina Aguilera Toni Braxton Dr. Dre Britney Spears MC Hammer Whitney Houston Jeff Buckley George Michael Ricky Martin Enrique Iglesias Shania Twain Seal (musician) Shaquille O'Neal George H. W. Bush Tiger Woods Michael Jordan Brett Favre Lil Wayne Chris Cornell

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The following are images from various 1990s-related articles on Wikipedia.

Image 1 Billie Joe Armstrong of Green Day (from 1990s in music)
Image 2 Alanis Morissette (from 1990s in music)
Image 3 Eurostar logo 1994–2011 (from 1990s)
Image 4 Blink-182 performing in 1995. (from 1990s)
Image 5 D'Angelo is considered a key pioneer of the neo-soul movement. (from 1990s in music)
Image 6Trio in 1995 wearing neutral-colored tops and relaxed-fit, slim-leg pants and jeans. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 7 Seinfeld premiered on NBC in 1989, becoming a commercial success and cultural phenomenon by 1993. (from 1990s)
Image 8A pair of British Knights (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 9Woman with Rachel haircut, late 1990s. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 10 Red Hot Chili Peppers (from 1990s in music)
Image 11 Garth Brooks (from 1990s in music)
Image 12The American vocal group Backstreet Boys became one of the most commercially successful boy bands of the 1990s. (from 1990s in music)
Image 13 Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin, United States President Bill Clinton, and Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) Chairman Yasser Arafat during the signing of the Oslo Accords on 13 September 1993. (from 1990s)
Image 14 Baseball jackets were popular among hip-hop fans in the mid-1990s (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 15Cargo pants (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 16The German electronic rock duo Das Ich, 1993. Their aspect shows the influence of the goth look which returned in the 1990s. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 17 Robbie Williams, 2009 (from 1990s in music)
Image 18Actress Paula Abdul wearing semi-transparent black dress, curled hair and smoky eye makeup, 1990. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 19Sasha using Ableton Live at a nightclub. (from 1990s in music)
Image 20 Britney Spears became one of the most successful pop singers of the 1990s. (from 1990s in music)
Image 21 Maná in concert. (from 1990s in music)
Image 22 Spice Girls became one of the biggest global pop acts of the decade (from 1990s in music)
Image 23 Lois McMaster Bujold with pixie cut and denim western shirt, 1996 (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 24 Grunge-style flannel shirt and curtained hair (from 1990s)
Image 25 The Smashing Pumpkins (from 1990s in music)
Image 26 Bomber jacket with orange lining, popular from the mid-late 1990s (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 27Two women wearing bandanas, 1999. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 28 Butterfly and floral clips, worn by young girls in the mid and late 1990s. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 29The crash site of El Al Flight 1862 in 1992. (from 1990s)
Image 30Red and cream Indian woman's saree, late 1990s (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 31 Thalía rose to fame as a member of the musical group Timbiriche. (from 1990s in music)
Image 32US First Lady Hillary Clinton wearing straw panama hat, 1995 (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 33Dutch high school prom, 1994 (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 34 Polo shirt with popped collar. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 35Argentine fashion spread focused on miniskirts, 1994. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 36The Gulf War. (from 1990s)
Image 37 Funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales, 1997. (from 1990s)
Image 38Several mid and late 1990s men's and women's fashions in 1994. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 39As part of minimalism, hairstyles such as bob cuts were favored by women. ( Saffron, 1996) (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 40The catsuit became a trend in the late 1990s. Normally made of latex, PVC, or spandex, it was often worn with high-heeled boots. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 41The English electronic dance music group The Prodigy was one of the most successful electronic music groups of the 1990s. (from 1990s in music)
Image 42 Chokers, popular in the mid and late-1990s (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 43Women's rights demonstration in Paris, November 1995 (from 1990s)
Image 44From top-left, clockwise: The Hubble Space Telescope orbits the Earth after it was launched in 1990; American F-16s and F-15s fly over burning oil fields in Operation Desert Storm, also known as the 1991 Gulf War; the signing of the Oslo Accords on 13 September 1993; the World Wide Web gains a public face at the start of the decade and gains massive popularity worldwide; Boris Yeltsin and followers stand on a tank in defiance to the August Coup, which leads to the dissolution of the Soviet Union on 26 December 1991; Dolly the sheep is the first mammal to be cloned from an adult somatic cell; the funeral procession of Diana, Princess of Wales, who died in 1997 in a car crash in Paris, and was mourned by millions; hundreds of thousands of Tutsi people are killed in the Rwandan genocide of 1994. This would become a factor in initiating the Second Congo War of 1998. (from 1990s)
Image 45The Petronas Twin Towers were the world's tallest buildings when completed in 1999. (from 1990s)
Image 46Woman dressed in black maxi skirt, top and hat, 1995. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 47 Moby, 2009 (from 1990s in music)
Image 48Young man in 1995, sporting a short undercut hairstyle. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 49 Pagers became widely popular. (from 1990s)
Image 50Mobile phones gained massive popularity worldwide during the decade. (from 1990s)
Image 51 Rwandan genocide: Genocide victims in Murambi Technical School. Estimates put the death toll of the Rwandan genocide as high as 800,000 people. (from 1990s)
Image 52Swedish hip-hop fans watch Public Enemy perform in 1991. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 53Crowd of rave-goers, 1995. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 54 Dixie Chicks (from 1990s in music)
Image 55Block-heeled shoes, popular from 1995 until 2001. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 56 La Oreja de Van Gogh (The Ear of Van Gogh) a Basque pop band from Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain. (from 1990s in music)
Image 57 Jonathan Brandis in a Grunge-style flannel shirt and curtained hair in 1993 (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 58 Gloria Estefan (from 1990s in music)
Image 59Korn performing live at the Metaltown Festival in June 2011 (from 1990s in music)
Image 60In 1994, Lisa Loeb became the first artist to score a #1 hit with " Stay (I Missed You)" before signing to any record label. (from 1990s in music)
Image 61A pair of Eurostar trains at the former Waterloo International since moved to St Pancras International (from 1990s)
Image 62Group of high school students, 1997 (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 63Long maxi skirt in a Liberty floral print. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 64 Double breasted power suit with large shoulder pads worn in the European workplace, 1998 (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 65 Oklahoma City bombing. (from 1990s)
Image 66 Nelson Mandela. (from 1990s)
Image 67 Pavement (from 1990s in music)
Image 68 Tim McGraw (from 1990s in music)
Image 69 Nirvana brought both grunge and alternative rock to the mainstream in late 1991. (from 1990s in music)
Image 70Nude and darker shades of lipstick seemed popular among women throughout the decade. ( Jocelyn Enriquez, 1997) (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 71 Oasis were the biggest band of the 1990s Britpop scene and the only band to make a significant impact in the US market. (from 1990s in music)
Image 72Dancers at America's Snoqualmie Moondance Festival in 1992 (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 73 Nine Inch Nails (from 1990s in music)
Image 74 Big Bad Voodoo Daddy (from 1990s in music)
Image 75 Will Smith dons a Hi-top fade in 1993 (from 1990s)
Image 76The logo created by The President's Council on the Year 2000 Conversion, for use on Y2K.gov (from 1990s)
Image 77 Slap bracelet worn by young girls in the early-1990s (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 78An early portable CD player, a Sony Discman model D121. (from 1990s)
Image 79Electronic musician and DJ James Lavelle dressed in club attire, 1997. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 80The highest-grossing film of the decade was Titanic (1997) (from 1990s)
Image 81Go-go boots became fashionable again in 1995. They were worn by women of the hip-hop and preppy subcultures. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 82 Pearl Jam is an American rock band formed in 1990 in Seattle, Washington. (from 1990s in music)
Image 83 African-American teenager with Hitop fade, popular in the early 1990s. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 84The 1999 İzmit earthquake which occurred in the northwestern of Turkey killed 17,217 and injured 43,959. (from 1990s)
Image 85Woman wearing cropped top and bell-bottomed pants, 1997. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 86R&B singer Brandy Norwood sporting box braids, a style popular in the 1990s among women of African descent. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 87Women's side gusset shoes popular during the mid and late 1990s among preppy and hip-hop subculture. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 88The Dutch Eurodance act 2 Unlimited was one of the most successful Electronic music artists of the 1990s. (from 1990s in music)
Image 89 Bush and Gorbachev at the 1990 Helsinki summit. (from 1990s)
Image 90Young woman standing on sidewalk, Uptown New Orleans, 1992. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 91Swedish teenager with mullet haircut and abstract printed jumper, 1991. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 92A typical early 1990s Personal Computer. (from 1990s)
Image 93Blue wide-leg jeans. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 94 Spice Girls, pictured here in 1997, became one of the biggest global pop acts of the decade. (from 1990s)
Image 95Acid washed jean shorts with grunge and hippie inspired DIY slogans and pictures. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 96Church members exhibiting assorted fashion trends, Amman, 1998 (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 97 Lauryn Hill was one of the most successful hip hop female artists of the 1990s. (from 1990s in music)
Image 98 Michael Jordan, the most popular NBA player of the 1990s. (from 1990s)
Image 99 Dolly the sheep is the first mammal to be cloned from an adult somatic cell. (from 1990s)
Image 100 Luis Miguel, first Latin idol of the decade. (from 1990s in music)
Image 101The Dow Jones Index of the 1990s (from 1990s)
Image 102 Mariah Carey was declared the Artist of the Decade of the 1990s by Billboard. (from 1990s in music)
Image 103Group of young children displaying various fashion trends, Amman, 1998 (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 104 Rivers Cuomo sporting typical late 1990s fashions, 1997. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 105Grunge clothing, popular from 1991 to 1996. ( Kurt Cobain, 1992) (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 106Model wearing a midriff shirt, a silver necklace, low ponytail and straight-leg leggings, circa 1999. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 107Fireworks in the SkyDome after Joe Carter's World Series-winning home run, as the Canadian Toronto Blue Jays won their second straight World Series title in 1993 against the US' Philadelphia Phillies. (from 1990s)
Image 108 Boris Yeltsin and Bill Clinton share a laugh in October 1995. (from 1990s)
Image 109 Executive council building burns after being hit by Bosnian Serb artillery. (from 1990s)
Image 110 Hubble Space Telescope. (from 1990s)
Image 111Black Barbour bucket hat. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 112 Yitzhak Rabin. (from 1990s)
Image 113 Celine Dion became one of the best-selling singers of the 1990s. (from 1990s in music)
Image 114 Whitney Houston was certified as the best-selling female R&B artist of the 20th century by the Recording Industry Association of America. (from 1990s in music)
Image 115Example of late 1990s gothic fashion. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 116 Slip dresses first became widely worn in the mid-90s, as part of the underwear-as-outerwear trend. ( Jane Leeves, 1995) (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 117 Dannii Minogue (from 1990s in music)
Image 118Converse All Stars, popular in the early 1990s (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 119 Friends, which premiered on NBC in 1994 became one of the most popular sitcoms of all time. From left, clockwise: Lisa Kudrow, Jennifer Aniston, Courteney Cox, Matthew Perry, Matt LeBlanc, and David Schwimmer, the six main actors of Friends. (from 1990s)

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Khraniteli ( Russian: Хранители, lit. 'Guardians [of the Ring]') is a Soviet television play miniseries based on J. R. R. Tolkien's The Fellowship of the Ring. It was broadcast once in 1991 by Leningrad Television and then thought lost. It was rediscovered in 2021. It includes scenes of Tom Bombadil and Goldberry that were omitted from Peter Jackson's Lord of the Rings film trilogy. ( Full article...)
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Reservoir Dogs is a 1992 American crime film written and directed by Quentin Tarantino in his feature-length debut. It stars Harvey Keitel, Tim Roth, Chris Penn, Steve Buscemi, Lawrence Tierney, Michael Madsen, Tarantino, and Edward Bunker as diamond thieves whose planned heist of a jewelry store goes terribly wrong. The film depicts the events before and after, but not during, the heist. Kirk Baltz, Randy Brooks, and Steven Wright also play supporting roles. It incorporates many motifs that have become Tarantino's hallmarks: violent crime, pop culture references, profanity, and nonlinear storytelling.

The film is regarded as a classic of independent film and a cult film, and was named "Greatest Independent Film of all Time" by Empire. Although controversial at first for its depictions of violence and heavy use of profanity, Reservoir Dogs was generally well received, with the cast being praised by many critics. Despite not being heavily promoted during its theatrical run, the film became a modest success in the United States after grossing $2.8 million against its scant budget. It achieved higher popularity after the success of Tarantino's next film, Pulp Fiction (1994). A soundtrack was released featuring songs used in the film, which are mostly from the 1970s. ( Full article...)
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The X-Files (also known as The X-Files: Fight the Future) is a 1998 American science fiction thriller film based on Chris Carter's television series of the same name, which revolves around fictional unsolved cases called the X-Files and the characters solving them. It was directed by Rob Bowman, written by Carter and Frank Spotnitz and featured five main characters from the television series: David Duchovny, Gillian Anderson, Mitch Pileggi, John Neville, and William B. Davis reprise their respective roles as FBI agents Fox Mulder and Dana Scully, FBI Assistant Director Walter Skinner, Well-Manicured Man, and the Cigarette-Smoking Man. The film was promoted with the tagline Fight the Future.

The film takes place between seasons five ( episode "The End") and six ( episode "The Beginning") of the television series, and is based upon the series' extraterrestrial mythology. The story follows agents Mulder and Scully, removed from their usual jobs on the X-Files, and investigating the bombing of a building and the destruction of criminal evidence. They uncover what appears to be a government conspiracy attempting to hide the truth about an alien colonization of Earth. ( Full article...)
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Hum Aapke Hain Koun..! ( transl. "Who am I to you?") also known by the initialism HAHK, is a 1994 Indian Hindi-language musical romantic drama film written and directed by Sooraj Barjatya and produced by Rajshri Productions. The film stars Madhuri Dixit and Salman Khan, and celebrates the Indian wedding traditions by relating the story of a married couple and the relationship between their families; a story about sacrificing one's love for one's family. It is an adaptation of the studio's earlier film Nadiya Ke Paar (1982), which was based on Keshav Prasad Mishra's Hindi novel Kohbar Ki Shart. The film features score by Raamlaxman who also composed a 14-song soundtrack, an unusually large number of songs for that period.

Having grossed between ₹2 billion ($63.8 million) and ₹2.5 billion ($82 million) worldwide, Hum Aapke Hain Koun..! became the highest-grossing Indian film. It contributed to a change in the Indian film industry, with new methods of distribution and a turn towards less violent stories. It was the first film to gross over ₹1 billion in India, and when adjusted for inflation, is the highest-grossing Indian film of the 1990s and also still one of the highest-earning Bollywood films ever. Box Office India described it as "the biggest blockbuster of the modern era." ( Full article...)
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The Nightmare Before Christmas (also known as Tim Burton's The Nightmare Before Christmas) is a 1993 American stop-motion animated musical dark fantasy film directed by Henry Selick (in his feature directorial debut) and produced and conceived by Tim Burton. It tells the story of Jack Skellington, the King of " Halloween Town" who stumbles upon " Christmas Town" and becomes obsessed with celebrating the holiday. Danny Elfman wrote the songs and score, and provided the singing voice of Jack. The principal voice cast also includes Chris Sarandon, Catherine O'Hara, William Hickey, Ken Page, Paul Reubens, Glenn Shadix, and Ed Ivory.

The Nightmare Before Christmas originated in a poem written by Burton in 1982 while he was working as an animator at Walt Disney Productions. With the success of Vincent in the same year, Burton began to consider developing The Nightmare Before Christmas as either a short film or 30-minute television special to no avail. Over the years, Burton's thoughts regularly returned to the project and in 1990, he made a development deal with Walt Disney Studios. Production started in July 1991 in San Francisco; Disney initially released the film through Touchstone Pictures because the studio believed the film would be "too dark and scary for kids". ( Full article...)
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Great Moments in Aviation is a 1994 British romantic drama film set on a 1950s passenger liner. The film follows Gabriel Angel ( Rakie Ayola), a young Caribbean aviator who falls in love with the forger Duncan Stewart ( Jonathan Pryce) on her journey to England. Stewart is pursued by his nemesis Rex Goodyear ( John Hurt), and the group are supported by Dr Angela Bead ( Vanessa Redgrave) and Miss Gwendolyn Quim ( Dorothy Tutin), retired missionaries who become lovers during the voyage.

The film was written by Jeanette Winterson, directed by Beeban Kidron and produced by Phillippa Gregory, the same creative team that collaborated on Winterson's Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit in 1990. Winterson intended the screenplay to be reminiscent of a fairy tale, and was unhappy at being asked to write a new ending for its American release. ( Full article...)
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Strange Days is a 1995 American science fiction thriller film directed by Kathryn Bigelow, written by James Cameron and Jay Cocks, and produced by Cameron and Steven-Charles Jaffe. It stars Ralph Fiennes, Angela Bassett, Juliette Lewis and Tom Sizemore. Set in the last two days of 1999, the film follows the story of a black marketeer of recordings that allow a user to experience the recorder's memories and physical sensations as he attempts to uncover the truth behind the murder of a prostitute.

Blending science fiction with film noir conventions, Strange Days explores themes such as racism, abuse of power, rape and voyeurism. Although the story was conceived by Cameron around 1986, Bigelow found inspiration after incidents such as the Lorena Bobbitt trial and the 1992 Los Angeles riots that followed the Rodney King verdict. The film was shot entirely in the greater Los Angeles area over a period of 77 nights. Some of the film's scenes, which offer a point-of-view shot (POV), required multi-faceted cameras and considerable technical preparation. ( Full article...)
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Star Trek: Insurrection is a 1998 American science fiction film directed by Jonathan Frakes. It is the ninth film in the Star Trek film series, as well as the third to star the cast of Star Trek: The Next Generation, with F. Murray Abraham, Donna Murphy, and Anthony Zerbe appearing in main roles. In the film, the crew of the USS Enterprise-E rebels against Starfleet after they discover a conspiracy with a species known as the Son'a to steal the peaceful Ba'ku's planet for its rejuvenating properties.

Paramount Pictures sought a change of pace after Star Trek: First Contact (1996). Michael Piller was asked to write the script of the next installment, which was created from story ideas by Piller and producer Rick Berman. The story's first drafts featured the Romulans, and the Son'a and Ba'ku were introduced in its third draft. After Ira Steven Behr reviewed the script, Piller revised it and added a subplot involving a romantic interest for Jean-Luc Picard. The film's ending was further revised after test screenings. The special effects depicting outer space were completely computer generated, a first for a Star Trek film. The Ba'ku village was fully built on location at Lake Sherwood, California, but suffered weather damage. Sets from the television series Star Trek: Voyager and Star Trek: Deep Space Nine were reused and redressed. Michael Westmore created the make-up for the new alien races, and Robert Blackman revised the Starfleet dress uniform designs. Sanja Milkovic Hayes created costumes for the Ba'ku from cellulose fibers, which were baked and glued together. Jerry Goldsmith produced the film's score, his fourth for the franchise. ( Full article...)
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Contact is a 1997 American science fiction drama film directed by Robert Zemeckis, based on the 1985 novel by Carl Sagan. Sagan and his wife Ann Druyan wrote the story outline for the film. It stars Jodie Foster as Dr. Eleanor "Ellie" Arroway, a SETI scientist who finds evidence of extraterrestrial life and is chosen to make first contact. It also stars Matthew McConaughey, James Woods, Tom Skerritt, William Fichtner, John Hurt, Angela Bassett, Rob Lowe, Jake Busey, and David Morse. It features the Very Large Array in New Mexico, the Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico, the Mir space station, and the Space Coast surrounding Cape Canaveral.

Sagan and Druyan began working on Contact in 1979. They wrote a film treatment over 100 pages long and set up the project at Warner Bros. with Peter Guber and Lynda Obst as producers. When development stalled, Sagan published Contact as a novel in 1985, and the film reentered development in 1989. Roland Joffé and George Miller had planned to direct, but Joffé dropped out in 1993, and Warner Bros. fired Miller in 1995. With Zemeckis as director, filming ran from September 1996 to February 1997. Sony Pictures Imageworks handled most of the visual effects. ( Full article...)
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Jingle All the Way is a 1996 American Christmas family comedy film directed by Brian Levant. It stars Arnold Schwarzenegger and Sinbad as two rival fathers, mattress salesman Howard Langston (Schwarzenegger) and postal worker Myron Larabee (Sinbad), both desperately trying to purchase a Turbo-Man action figure for their respective sons on a last-minute shopping spree on Christmas Eve. The film's title is borrowed from the lyrics of the popular Christmas song " Jingle Bells".

Inspired by real-life Christmas toy sell-outs for such items as Cabbage Patch Kids, the film was written by Randy Kornfield. Producer Chris Columbus rewrote the script, adding in elements of satire about the commercialization of Christmas, and the project was picked up by 20th Century Fox. Delays to Fox's reboot of Planet of the Apes allowed Schwarzenegger to come on board the film, while Columbus opted to cast Sinbad instead of Joe Pesci as Myron. Jingle All the Way was set and filmed in the Twin Cities of Minneapolis and Saint Paul at a variety of locations, including the Mall of America. After five weeks filming, production moved to California where scenes such as the end parade were shot. The film's swift production meant merchandising was limited to a replica of the Turbo-Man action figure used in the film. ( Full article...)
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Striptease is a 1996 American black comedy film written, co-produced, and directed by Andrew Bergman, and starring Demi Moore, Armand Assante, Ving Rhames, Robert Patrick and Burt Reynolds. Based on Carl Hiaasen's novel of the same name, the film centers on an FBI secretary-turned- stripper who becomes involved in both a child-custody dispute and corrupt politics.

Moore was paid a then-unprecedented $12.5 million to star in Striptease, making her the highest paid film actress up to that time. The film was released theatrically on June 28, 1996, by Columbia Pictures and grossed $113 million worldwide against its $50 million budget. However, it was universally panned by critics, and has come to be evaluated as one of the worst movies ever made. It won six Golden Raspberry Awards, including Worst Picture. The debacle of the film marked a downturn in Moore's career. ( Full article...)
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Mulan is a 1998 American animated musical adventure film produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation for Walt Disney Pictures. It is based on the Chinese legend of Hua Mulan, and was Disney's 36th animated feature and the ninth animated film produced and released during the Disney Renaissance. It was directed by Barry Cook and Tony Bancroft, with story by Robert D. San Souci and screenplay by Rita Hsiao, Chris Sanders, Philip LaZebnik, Raymond Singer, and Eugenia Bostwick-Singer. Ming-Na Wen, Eddie Murphy, Miguel Ferrer and BD Wong star in the English version, while Jackie Chan provided the voice of Captain Li Shang for the Chinese dubs of the film. The film's plot takes place in China during the Han dynasty, where Fa Mulan, daughter of aged warrior Fa Zhou, impersonates a man to take her father's place during a general conscription to counter a Hun invasion.

Produced and released during the Disney Renaissance, Mulan was the first of three features produced primarily at the Disney animation studio at Disney-MGM Studios (now Disney's Hollywood Studios) in Bay Lake, Florida. Development for the film began in 1994, when a number of artistic supervisors were sent to China to receive artistic and cultural inspiration. Mulan was well received by critics and the public who praised the animation, plot, characters (particularly the title character), and musical score, and grossed over $304 million. It earned a Golden Globe and Academy Award nomination and won several Annie Awards, including Best Animated Feature. It was then followed by Mulan II in 2004, a direct-to-video sequel. A live-action adaptation directed by Niki Caro was released on September 4, 2020. ( Full article...)
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Presumed Innocent is a 1990 American legal thriller film based on the 1987 novel of the same name by Scott Turow. Directed by Alan J. Pakula, and written by Pakula and Frank Pierson, it stars Harrison Ford, Brian Dennehy, Raúl Juliá, Bonnie Bedelia, Paul Winfield and Greta Scacchi. The film follows Rusty Sabich (Ford), a prosecutor who is charged with the murder of his colleague and mistress Carolyn Polhemus (Scacchi).

Several studios and producers fought to secure the film rights one year before the novel was published. Producers Sydney Pollack and Mark Rosenberg acquired the rights in December 1986, and hired Pierson to write the script. After an unsuccessful pre-production development at United Artists, the project moved to Warner Bros., and Pakula was brought in to rewrite the script with Pierson before signing on as the film's director in January 1989. Principal photography commenced in July 1989 and concluded in October of that year, with a budget of $20 million. Filming took place on locations in Detroit, Windsor, Ontario, and New Jersey, and on soundstages at Kaufman Astoria Studios in New York. ( Full article...)
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Ghost in the Shell is a 1995 adult animated neo-noir cyberpunk thriller film directed by Mamoru Oshii and adapted by frequent Oshii collaborator Kazunori Itō. The film is based on the manga of the same name by Masamune Shirow. It stars the voices of Atsuko Tanaka, Akio Ōtsuka, and Iemasa Kayumi. It is a Japanese-British international co-production, executive produced by Kodansha, Bandai Visual and Manga Entertainment, with animation provided by Production I.G.

The film is set in 2029 Japan, and follows Motoko Kusanagi, a cyborg public-security agent, who hunts a mysterious hacker known as the Puppet Master. The narrative incorporates philosophical themes that focus on self-identity in a technologically advanced world. The music, composed by Kenji Kawai, includes vocals in classical Japanese language. The film's visuals were created through a combination of traditional cel animation and CGI animation. ( Full article...)
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The Truman Show is a 1998 American psychological science fiction satirical comedy-drama film directed by Peter Weir, produced by Scott Rudin, Andrew Niccol, Edward S. Feldman, and Adam Schroeder, and written by Niccol. The film stars Jim Carrey as Truman Burbank, a man who grew up living an ordinary life that—unbeknownst to him—takes place on a large set populated by actors for a television show about him. The supporting cast includes Laura Linney, Ed Harris, Noah Emmerich, Natascha McElhone, Holland Taylor, Paul Giamatti, and Brian Delate.

Unlike the finished product, Niccol's spec script was more interested of a science-fiction thriller, with the story set in New York City. Scott Rudin purchased the script and set up production at Paramount Pictures. Brian De Palma was to direct before Weir signed as director, making the film for $60 million—$20 million less than the original estimate. Niccol rewrote the script while the crew was waiting for Carrey to sign. The majority of filming took place at Seaside, Florida, a master- planned community located in the Florida Panhandle. ( Full article...)

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Sources

^ Merkl, Peter; Leonard, Weinberg (2 August 2004). Right-wing Extremism in the Twenty-first Century. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-76421-0.
^ "India – The Bharatiya Janata Party and the Rise of Hindu Nationalism".
^ ROSEN, RUTH (27 December 1994). "Which of Us Isn't Taking 'Welfare'? : Poor children rank low in government largess; why is the comfortable class so mean?". Los Angeles Times.
^ Séguin, Gilles. "Provincial Welfare Reforms in the 1990s – Canadian Social Research Links".
^ Maloney, Tim (1 May 2002). "Welfare Reform and Unemployment in New Zealand". Economica. 69 (274): 273–293. doi: 10.1111/1468-0335.00283.
^ "Policy Exchange – Shaping the Policy Agenda" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 January 2014.
^ https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2013/12/19/report-us-executions-dipped-in-2013
^ Handyside, AH; Kontogianni, EH; Hardy, K; Winston, RM (1990). "Pregnancies from biopsied human preimplantation embryos sexed by Y-specific DNA amplification". Nature. 344 (6268): 768–70. Bibcode: 1990Natur.344..768H. doi: 10.1038/344768a0. PMID 2330030.
^ Stiglitz, Joseph E. (2004). The Roaring Nineties. W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-32618-5.

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[1] Merkl, Peter; Leonard, Weinberg (2 August 2004). Right-wing Extremism in the Twenty-first Century. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-76421-0.

[2] "India – The Bharatiya Janata Party and the Rise of Hindu Nationalism".

[3] ROSEN, RUTH (27 December 1994). "Which of Us Isn't Taking 'Welfare'? : Poor children rank low in government largess; why is the comfortable class so mean?". Los Angeles Times.

[4] Séguin, Gilles. "Provincial Welfare Reforms in the 1990s – Canadian Social Research Links".

[5] Maloney, Tim (1 May 2002). "Welfare Reform and Unemployment in New Zealand". Economica. 69 (274): 273–293. doi: 10.1111/1468-0335.00283.

[6] "Policy Exchange – Shaping the Policy Agenda" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 January 2014.

[7] ttps://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2013/12/19/report-us-executions-dipped-in-2013

[8] Handyside, AH; Kontogianni, EH; Hardy, K; Winston, RM (1990). "Pregnancies from biopsied human preimplantation embryos sexed by Y-specific DNA amplification". Nature. 344 (6268): 768–70. Bibcode: 1990Natur.344..768H. doi: 10.1038/344768a0. PMID 2330030.

[9] Stiglitz, Joseph E. (2004). The Roaring Nineties. W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-32618-5.

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