From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Solar System's eight planets, and its nine most likely dwarf planets, are known to be orbited by at least 297 natural satellites, or moons. At least 20 of them are large enough to be gravitationally rounded; of these, all are covered by a crust of ice except for Earth's Moon and Jupiter's Io. [1] Several of the largest ones are in hydrostatic equilibrium and would therefore be considered dwarf planets or planets if they were in direct orbit around the Sun and not in their current states (orbiting planets or dwarf planets).

Moons are classed in two separate categories according to their orbits: regular moons, which have prograde orbits (they orbit in the direction of their planets' rotation) and lie close to the plane of their equators, and irregular moons, whose orbits can be pro- or retrograde (against the direction of their planets' rotation) and often lie at extreme angles to their planets' equators. Irregular moons are probably minor planets that have been captured from surrounding space. Most irregular moons are less than 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) in diameter.

The earliest published discovery of a moon other than the Earth's was by Galileo Galilei, who discovered the four Galilean moons orbiting Jupiter in 1610. Over the following three centuries only a few more moons were discovered. Missions to other planets in the 1970s, most notably the Voyager 1 and 2 missions, saw a surge in the number of moons detected, and observations since the year 2000, using mostly large, ground-based optical telescopes, have discovered many more, all of which are irregular.

Moons by primary

Some moons, minor planets and comets of the Solar System to scale (major planets not to scale)
Selected moons, with Earth to scale. Nineteen moons are large enough to be round (Eris' moon Dysnomia is also large enough, but has not been imaged in detail), and one, Titan, has a substantial atmosphere.
The number of moons discovered in each year until November 2019

Mercury, the smallest and innermost planet, has no moons, or at least none that can be detected to a diameter of 1.6 km (1.0 mi). [2] For a very short time in 1974, Mercury was thought to have a moon.

Venus also has no moons, [3] though reports of a moon around Venus have circulated since the 17th century.

Earth has one Moon, the largest moon of any rocky planet in the Solar System. Earth also has more than 20 known co-orbitals, including the asteroids 3753 Cruithne and 469219 Kamoʻoalewa, and the occasional temporary satellite, like 2020 CD3; however, since they do not permanently orbit Earth, they are not considered moons. (See Other moons of Earth and Quasi-satellite.)

Mars has two known moons, Phobos and Deimos ("fear" and "dread", after attendants of Ares, the Greek god of war, equivalent to the Roman Mars). Searches for more satellites have been unsuccessful, putting the maximum radius of any other satellites at 90 m (100 yd). [4]

Jupiter has 95 moons with known orbits; 72 of them have received permanent designations, and 57 have been named. Its eight regular moons are grouped into the planet-sized Galilean moons and the far smaller Amalthea group. They are named after lovers of Zeus, the Greek equivalent of Jupiter. Among them is Ganymede, the largest and most massive moon in the Solar System. Its 87 known irregular moons are organized into two categories: prograde and retrograde. The prograde satellites consist of the Himalia group and three others in groups of one. The retrograde moons are grouped into the Carme, Ananke and Pasiphae groups.

Saturn has 146 moons with known orbits; 66 of them have received permanent designations, and 63 have been named. Most of them are quite small. Seven moons are large enough to be in hydrostatic equilibrium, including Titan, the second largest moon in the Solar System. Including these large moons, 24 of Saturn's moons are regular, and traditionally named after Titans or other figures associated with the mythological Saturn. The remaining 122 are irregular, and classified by their orbital characteristics into Inuit, Norse, and Gallic groups, and their names are chosen from the corresponding mythologies the groups are named after. The rings of Saturn are made up of icy objects ranging in size from one centimetre to hundreds of metres, each of which is on its own orbit about the planet. Thus a precise number of Saturnian moons cannot be given, as there is no objective boundary between the countless small anonymous objects that form Saturn's ring system and the larger objects that have been named as moons. At least 150 " moonlets" embedded in the rings have been detected by the disturbance they create in the surrounding ring material, though this is thought to be only a small sample of the total population of such objects.

Uranus has 27 known moons, five of which are massive enough to have achieved hydrostatic equilibrium. There are 13 moons that orbit within Uranus's ring system, and another nine outer irregular moons. Unlike most planetary moons, which are named from antiquity, all the moons of Uranus are named after characters from the works of Shakespeare and Alexander Pope's work The Rape of the Lock.

Neptune has 14 known moons; the largest, Triton, accounts for more than 99.5 percent of all the mass orbiting the planet. Triton is large enough to have achieved hydrostatic equilibrium, but, uniquely for a large moon, has a retrograde orbit, suggesting it was a dwarf planet that was captured. Neptune also has seven known inner regular satellites, and six outer irregular satellites.

Pluto, a dwarf planet, has five moons. Its largest moon Charon, named after the ferryman who took souls across the River Styx, is more than half as large as Pluto itself, and large enough to orbit a point outside Pluto's surface. In effect, each orbits the other, forming a binary system informally referred to as a double-dwarf-planet. Pluto's four other moons, Nix, Hydra, Kerberos and Styx are far smaller and orbit the Pluto–Charon system. [5]

Among the other dwarf planets, Ceres has no known moons. It is 90 percent certain that Ceres has no moons larger than 1 km in size, assuming that they would have the same albedo as Ceres itself. [6] Eris has one large known moon, Dysnomia. Accurately determining its size is difficult: one indicative estimate of its radius is 350±57.5 km. [7]

Two objects were named as dwarf planets, under the expectation that they would prove to be so (though this remains uncertain). Haumea has two moons, Hiʻiaka and Namaka, of radii ~195 and ~100 km, respectively. [8] Makemake has one moon, discovered in April 2016.

A number of other objects in the Kuiper belt and scattered disk may turn out to be dwarf planets. Orcus, Quaoar, Gonggong, and Sedna are generally agreed to be dwarf planets among astronomers, and all but Sedna are known to have moons. [9] A number of other smaller objects, such as Salacia, Varda, and 2013 FY27, also have moons, although their dwarf planethood is more doubtful. This list includes all objects with best estimated diameter above 700 km, including 2003 AZ84 whose satellite has not been seen since its initial discovery.

As of October 2022, 365 asteroid moons and 128 trans-Neptunian moons (including those of Pluto and the other dwarf planets) had been discovered. [10]

Summary – number of moons
Planet Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune
Number of moons 0 0 1 2 95 146 27 14
Likely Dwarf Planets Ceres Orcus Pluto Haumea Quaoar Makemake Gonggong Eris Sedna
Number of moons 0 1 5 2 1 1 1 1 0
Possible Dwarf Planet Candidates 2003 AZ84 Ixion Salacia 2002 MS4 Varda 2002 AW197 2013 FY27
Number of moons 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
Minor planet
See list

Due to Earth's varying distance from these planets (as well as their distance to the Sun), the limits at which we are able to detect new moons is very inconsistent. As the below graph demonstrates, the absolute magnitude (total inherent brightness, abbreviated H) of moons we have detected around planets peaks at H = 17 for Jupiter, H = 16 for Saturn, H = 13 for Uranus, and H = 11 for Neptune.[ clarification needed] Smaller moons may (and most likely do) exist around each of these planets, but are currently undetectable from Earth. Although spacecraft have visited all of these planets, Earth-based telescopes continue to outperform them in moon-detection ability due to their greater availability for wide-field surveys.[ citation needed]

Planetary moons by absolute magnitude

List

This is a list of the recognized moons of the planets and of the largest potential dwarf planets of the Solar System, ordered by their official Roman numeral designations. Moons that do not yet have official Roman numeral designations (because their orbits are not yet known well enough) are listed after those that do.

The 20 moons that are known to be large enough to have been rounded by their own gravity are listed in bold. [11] The seven largest moons, which are larger than any of the known dwarf planets, are listed in bold and italic. Sidereal period differs from semi-major axis because a moon's speed depends both on the mass of its primary and its distance from it.

This table does not yet include 63 small satellites of Saturn announced in 2023, as these do not yet have published proper orbital elements.

Satellites of planets
Satellite of Earth Satellites of Jupiter Satellites of Uranus
Satellites of Mars Satellites of Saturn Satellites of Neptune
Satellites of generally agreed dwarf planets
Satellite of Orcus Satellites of Pluto Satellites of Haumea
Satellite of Quaoar Satellite of Makemake Satellite of Gonggong
Satellite of Eris
Satellites of other dwarf planet candidates
Satellite of 2003 AZ84 Satellite of Salacia Satellite of Varda
Satellite of 2013 FY27
Name Image Parent Numeral Mean radius (km) Orbital semi-major axis (km) Sidereal period ( d)
(r = retrograde)
Discovery year Discovered by Notes Ref(s)
Moon
FullMoon2010.jpg
Earth I (1) 1,738 384,399 27.321582 Prehistoric Synchronous rotation [12]
Phobos
Phobos colour 2008.jpg
Mars I (1) 11.267 9,380 0.319 1877 Hall [13] [14] [15]
Deimos
Deimos-MRO.jpg
Mars II (2) 6.2±0.18 23,460 1.262 1877 Hall [13] [14] [15]
Io
Jupiter I (1) 1,821.6±0.5 421,800 1.769 1610 Galileo Main-group moon ( Galilean) [15] [16]
Europa
Europa in natural color.png
Jupiter II (2) 1,560.8±0.5 671,100 3.551 1610 Galileo Main-group moon ( Galilean) [15] [16]
Ganymede
Ganymede - Perijove 34 Composite.png
Jupiter III (3) 2,634.1±0.3 1,070,400 7.155 1610 Galileo Main-group moon ( Galilean) [15] [16]
Callisto
Callisto.jpg
Jupiter IV (4) 2,410.3±1.5 1,882,700 16.69 1610 Galileo Main-group moon ( Galilean) [15] [16]
Amalthea
Amalthea (moon).png
Jupiter V (5) 83.5±2 181,400 0.498 1892 Barnard Inner moon ( Amalthea) [14] [15] [17]
Himalia
Cassini-Huygens Image of Himalia.png
Jupiter VI (6) 69.8 11,461,000 250.56 1904 Perrine Prograde irregular ( Himalia) [14] [15] [18] [19]
Elara
Elara - New Horizons.png
Jupiter VII (7) 43 11,741,000 259.64 1905 Perrine Prograde irregular ( Himalia) [14] [15] [20]
Pasiphae
Pasiphaé.jpg
Jupiter VIII (8) 30 23,624,000 743.63 (r) 1908 Melotte Retrograde irregular ( Pasiphae) [14] [15] [21]
Sinope
Sinopé.jpg
Jupiter IX (9) 19 23,939,000 758.90 (r) 1914 Nicholson Retrograde irregular ( Pasiphae) [14] [15] [22]
Lysithea
Lysithea 2MASS JHK color composite.png
Jupiter X (10) 18 11,717,000 259.20 1938 Nicholson Prograde irregular ( Himalia) [14] [15] [23]
Carme
Carmé.jpg
Jupiter XI (11) 23 23,404,000 734.17 (r) 1938 Nicholson Retrograde irregular ( Carme) [14] [15] [23]
Ananke
Ananké.jpg
Jupiter XII (12) 14 21,276,000 629.77 (r) 1951 Nicholson Retrograde irregular ( Ananke) [14] [15] [24]
Leda
Leda WISE-W3.jpg
Jupiter XIII (13) 10 11,165,000 240.92 1974 Kowal Prograde irregular ( Himalia) [14] [15] [25]
Thebe
Thebe.jpg
Jupiter XIV (14) 49.3±2.0 221,900 0.675 1979 Synnott ( Voyager 1) Inner moon ( Amalthea) [14] [15] [26]
Adrastea
Adrastea.jpg
Jupiter XV (15) 8.2±2.0 129,000 0.298 1979 Jewitt, Danielson ( Voyager 1) Inner moon ( Amalthea) [14] [15] [27]
Metis
Metis.jpg
Jupiter XVI (16) 21.5±2.0 128,000 0.295 1979 Synnott ( Voyager 1) Inner moon ( Amalthea) [14] [15] [28]
Callirrhoe
Callirrhoe - New Horizons.gif
Jupiter XVII (17) 4.5 24,103,000 758.77 (r) 2000 Scotti, Spahr, McMillan, Larsen, Montani, Gleason, Gehrels Retrograde irregular ( Pasiphae) [14] [15] [29]
Themisto
S 2000 J 1.jpg
Jupiter XVIII (18) 4 7,284,000 130.02 1975/2000 Kowal and Roemer (original); Sheppard, Jewitt, Fernández, Magnier (rediscovery) Prograde irregular (Themisto) [14] [15] [30] [31]
Megaclite
Megaclite-Jewitt-CFHT-annotated.gif
Jupiter XIX (19) 2.7 23,493,000 752.86 (r) 2000 Sheppard, Jewitt, Fernández, Magnier, Dahm, Evans Retrograde irregular ( Pasiphae) [14] [15] [32]
Taygete
Taygete-Jewitt-CFHT-annotated.gif
Jupiter XX (20) 2.5 23,280,000 732.41 (r) 2000 Sheppard, Jewitt, Fernández, Magnier, Dahm, Evans Retrograde irregular ( Carme) [14] [15] [32]
Chaldene
Chaldene-Jewitt-CFHT-annotated.gif
Jupiter XXI (21) 1.9 23,100,000 723.72 (r) 2000 Sheppard, Jewitt, Fernández, Magnier, Dahm, Evans Retrograde irregular ( Carme) [14] [15] [32]
Harpalyke
Harpalyke-Jewitt-CFHT-annotated.gif
Jupiter XXII (22) 2.2 20,858,000 623.32 (r) 2000 Sheppard, Jewitt, Fernández, Magnier, Dahm, Evans Retrograde irregular ( Ananke) [14] [15] [32]
Kalyke
Kalyke-Jewitt-CFHT-annotated.gif
Jupiter XXIII (23) 2.6 23,483,000 742.06 (r) 2000 Sheppard, Jewitt, Fernández, Magnier, Dahm, Evans Retrograde irregular ( Carme) [14] [15] [32]
Iocaste
Iocaste-Jewitt-CFHT-annotated.gif
Jupiter XXIV (24) 2.6 21,060,000 631.60 (r) 2000 Sheppard, Jewitt, Fernández, Magnier, Dahm, Evans Retrograde irregular ( Ananke) [14] [15] [32]
Erinome
Erinome-Jewitt-CFHT-annotated.gif
Jupiter XXV (25) 1.6 23,196,000 728.46 (r) 2000 Sheppard, Jewitt, Fernández, Magnier, Dahm, Evans Retrograde irregular ( Carme) [14] [15] [32]
Isonoe
Isonoe-Jewitt-CFHT-annotated.gif
Jupiter XXVI (26) 1.9 23,155,000 726.23 (r) 2000 Sheppard, Jewitt, Fernández, Magnier, Dahm, Evans Retrograde irregular ( Carme) [14] [15] [32]
Praxidike
Praxidike-Jewitt-CFHT-annotated.gif
Jupiter XXVII (27) 3.5 20,908,000 625.39 (r) 2000 Sheppard, Jewitt, Fernández, Magnier, Dahm, Evans Retrograde irregular ( Ananke) [14] [15] [32]
Autonoe
Autonoe-discovery-CFHT-annotated.gif
Jupiter XXVIII (28) 2 24,046,000 760.95 (r) 2001 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular ( Pasiphae)
Thyone
Thyone-discovery-CFHT-annotated.gif
Jupiter XXIX (29) 2 20,939,000 627.21 (r) 2001 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular ( Ananke) [14] [15] [33]
Hermippe
Hermippe-discovery.gif
Jupiter XXX (30) 2 21,131,000 633.9 (r) 2001 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular ( Ananke) [14] [15] [33]
Aitne
Aitne-discovery-CFHT-annotated.gif
Jupiter XXXI (31) 1.5 23,229,000 730.18 (r) 2001 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular ( Carme) [14] [15] [33]
Eurydome
Eurydome-discovery-CFHT-annotated.gif
Jupiter XXXII (32) 1.5 22,865,000 717.33 (r) 2001 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular ( Pasiphae) [14] [15] [33]
Euanthe
Euanthe-discovery-CFHT-annotated.gif
Jupiter XXXIII (33) 1.5 20,797,000 620.49 (r) 2001 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular ( Ananke) [14] [15] [33]
Euporie
Euporie-discovery-CFHT-annotated.gif
Jupiter XXXIV (34) 1 19,304,000 550.74 (r) 2001 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular ( Ananke) [14] [15] [33]
Orthosie
Orthosie-discovery-CFHT-annotated.gif
Jupiter XXXV (35) 1 20,720,000 622.56 (r) 2001 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular ( Ananke) [14] [15] [33]
Sponde
Sponde-discovery-CFHT-annotated.gif
Jupiter XXXVI (36) 1 23,487,000 748.34 (r) 2001 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular ( Pasiphae) [14] [15] [33]
Kale
Kale-discovery-CFHT-annotated.gif
Jupiter XXXVII (37) 1 23,217,000 729.47 (r) 2001 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular ( Carme) [14] [15] [33]
Pasithee
Pasithee-discovery-CFHT-annotated.gif
Jupiter XXXVIII (38) 1 23,004,000 719.44 (r) 2001 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular ( Carme) [14] [15] [33]
Hegemone Jupiter XXXIX (39) 1.5 23,577,000 739.88 (r) 2003 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Fernández Retrograde irregular ( Pasiphae) [14] [15]
Mneme
Mneme Discovery Image.jpg
Jupiter XL (40) 1 21,035,000 620.04 (r) 2003 Gladman, Allen Retrograde irregular ( Ananke) [14] [15]
Aoede Jupiter XLI (41) 2 23,980,000 761.50 (r) 2003 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Fernández, Hsieh Retrograde irregular ( Pasiphae) [14] [15]
Thelxinoe Jupiter XLII (42) 1 21,164,000 628.09 (r) 2003 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Gladman, Kavelaars, Petit, Allen Retrograde irregular ( Ananke) [14] [15]
Arche
Bigs2002j1barrow.png
Jupiter XLIII (43) 1.5 23,355,000 731.95 (r) 2002 Sheppard, Meech, Hsieh, Tholen, Tonry Retrograde irregular ( Carme) [14] [15] [33]
Kallichore Jupiter XLIV (44) 1 23,288,000 728.73 (r) 2003 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Fernández Retrograde irregular ( Carme) [14] [15]
Helike
Helike CFHT 2003-02-25 annotated.gif
Jupiter XLV (45) 2 21,069,000 626.32 (r) 2003 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Fernández, Hsieh Retrograde irregular ( Ananke) [14] [15]
Carpo
Carpo CFHT 2003-02-25 annotated.gif
Jupiter XLVI (46) 1.5 17,058,000 456.30 2003 Sheppard, Gladman, Kavelaars, Petit, Allen, Jewitt, Kleyna Prograde irregular (Carpo) [14] [15]
Eukelade
Eukelade s2003j1movie arrow.gif
Jupiter XLVII (47) 2 23,328,000 730.47 (r) 2003 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Fernández, Hsieh Retrograde irregular ( Carme) [14] [15]
Cyllene Jupiter XLVIII (48) 1 23,809,000 752 (r) 2003 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular ( Pasiphae) [14] [15]
Kore
Kore s2003j14movie circled.gif
Jupiter XLIX (49) 1 24,543,000 779.17 (r) 2003 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular ( Pasiphae) [14] [15]
Herse Jupiter L (50) 1 22,983,000 714.51 (r) 2003 Gladman, Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Kavelaars, Petit, Allen Retrograde irregular ( Carme) [14] [15]
S/2010 J 1
2010 J 1 CFHT image.gif
Jupiter LI (51) 1 23,314,300 723.2 (r) 2010 Jacobson, Brozović, Gladman, Alexandersen Retrograde irregular ( Carme) [34]
S/2010 J 2
2010 J 2 CFHT discovery full.gif
Jupiter LII (52) 0.5 20,307,200 588.1 (r) 2010 Veillet Retrograde irregular ( Ananke) [34]
Dia
Dia-Jewitt-CFHT image-crop.png
Jupiter LIII (53) 2 12,118,000 287.0 2000 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Fernández, Hsieh Prograde irregular ( Himalia) [34]
S/2016 J 1
2016 J 1 CFHT 2003-02-26 annotated.gif
Jupiter LIV (54) 1 20,595,500 602.7 (r) 2016 Sheppard Retrograde irregular ( Ananke) [34]
S/2003 J 18
2003 J 18 CFHT recovery full.gif
Jupiter LV (55) 1 20,274,000 588.0 (r) 2003 Gladman, Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Kavelaars, Petit, Allen Retrograde irregular ( Ananke) [34]
S/2011 J 2 Jupiter LVI (56) 0.5 23,329,700 726.8 (r) 2011 Sheppard Retrograde irregular ( Pasiphae) [34]
Eirene Jupiter LVII (57) 2 23,731,800 759.7 (r) 2003 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Fernández, Hsieh Retrograde irregular ( Carme) [34]
Philophrosyne Jupiter LVIII (58) 1 22,820,000 701.3 (r) 2003 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Fernández Retrograde irregular ( Pasiphae) [34]
S/2017 J 1
2016 J 1 CFHT 2003-02-26 annotated.gif
Jupiter LIX (59) 2 23,484,000 734.2 (r) 2017 Sheppard Retrograde irregular ( Pasiphae) [34]
Eupheme
Eupheme CFHT 2003-02-25 annotated.gif
Jupiter LX (60) 1 21,199,710 627.8 (r) 2003 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Fernández, Hsieh Retrograde irregular ( Ananke) [34]
S/2003 J 19 Jupiter LXI (61) 1 22,757,000 697.6 (r) 2003 Gladman, Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Kavelaars, Petit, Allen Retrograde irregular ( Carme) [34]
Valetudo
Valetudo CFHT precovery 2003-02-28 annotated.gif
Jupiter LXII (62) 0.5 18,928,100 532.0 2016 Sheppard Prograde irregular (Valetudo) [34]
S/2017 J 2
2017 J 2 CFHT 2003-02-26 annotated.gif
Jupiter LXIII (63) 1 23,241,000 723.8 (r) 2017 Sheppard Retrograde irregular ( Carme) [34]
S/2017 J 3
2017 J 3 CFHT 2003-12-25 annotated.gif
Jupiter LXIV (64) 1 20,639,300 605.8 (r) 2017 Sheppard Retrograde irregular ( Ananke) [34]
Pandia
Pandia CFHT precovery 2003-02-28.png
Jupiter LXV (65) 1.5 11,494,800 251.8 2017 Sheppard Prograde irregular ( Himalia) [34]
S/2017 J 5 Jupiter LXVI (66) 1 23,169,400 720.5 (r) 2017 Sheppard Retrograde irregular ( Carme) [34]
S/2017 J 6 Jupiter LXVII (67) 1 22,394,700 684.7 (r) 2017 Sheppard Retrograde irregular ( Pasiphae) [34]
S/2017 J 7 Jupiter LXVIII (68) 1 20,571,500 602.8 (r) 2017 Sheppard Retrograde irregular ( Ananke) [34]
S/2017 J 8
2017 J 8 CFHT precovery full.gif
Jupiter LXIX (69) 0.5 23,174,400 720.7 (r) 2017 Sheppard Retrograde irregular ( Carme) [34]
S/2017 J 9 Jupiter LXX (70) 1 21,430,000 640.9 (r) 2017 Sheppard Retrograde irregular ( Ananke) [34]
Ersa
Ersa CFHT precovery 2003-02-24.png
Jupiter LXXI (71) 1.5 11,453,000 250.4 2018 Sheppard Prograde irregular ( Himalia) [34]
S/2011 J 1 Jupiter LXXII (72) 0.5 20,155,300 580.7 (r) 2011 Sheppard Retrograde irregular ( Carme) [34]
S/2003 J 2
2003 J 2 Gladman CFHT annotated.gif
Jupiter 1 20,554,400 602.02 (r) 2003 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Fernández, Hsieh Retrograde irregular ( Ananke) [14] [15]
S/2003 J 4
2003 J 4 Gladman CFHT annotated.gif
Jupiter 1 22,048,600 668.85 (r) 2003 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Fernández, Hsieh Retrograde irregular ( Pasiphae) [14] [15]
S/2003 J 9
2003 J 9 Gladman CFHT annotated.gif
Jupiter 0.5 24,168,700 767.6 (r) 2003 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Fernández Retrograde irregular ( Carme) [14] [35]
S/2003 J 10
2003 J 10 Gladman CFHT annotated.gif
Jupiter 1 22,896,000 707.78 (r) 2003 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Fernández Retrograde irregular ( Carme?) [14] [15]
S/2003 J 12
2003 J 12 Gladman CFHT annotated.gif
Jupiter 0.5 21,557,700 646.64 (r) 2003 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Fernández Retrograde irregular ( Ananke) [14] [15]
S/2003 J 16
2003 J 16 CFHT recovery full.gif
Jupiter 1 20,512,500 600.18 (r) 2003 Gladman, Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Kavelaars, Petit, Allen Retrograde irregular ( Ananke) [14] [36]
S/2003 J 23
S2003j23ccircle.gif
Jupiter 1 24,678,100 792.00 (r) 2003 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Fernández Retrograde irregular ( Pasiphae) [14] [15]
S/2003 J 24 Jupiter 1.5 23,088,000 715.4 (r) 2003 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Gladman, Veillet Retrograde irregular ( Carme) [37]
S/2011 J 3 Jupiter 1.5 11,797,200 261.77 2011 Sheppard Prograde irregular ( Himalia) [38]
S/2016 J 3 Jupiter 1 22,213,500 676.37 (r) 2016 Sheppard Retrograde irregular ( Carme) [39]
S/2016 J 4 Jupiter 1 23,664,100 743.69 (r) 2016 Sheppard Retrograde irregular ( Pasiphae) [40]
S/2018 J 2 Jupiter 1.5 11,467,500 250.88 2018 Sheppard Prograde irregular ( Himalia) [41]
S/2018 J 3 Jupiter 0.5 22,826,600 704.56 (r) 2018 Sheppard Retrograde irregular ( Carme) [42]
S/2018 J 4 Jupiter 1 16,504,300 433.16 2018 Sheppard Prograde irregular (Carpo) [43]
S/2021 J 1 Jupiter 0.5 20,667,200 606.99 (r) 2021 Sheppard Retrograde irregular ( Ananke) [44]
S/2021 J 2 Jupiter 0.5 21,140,600 627.96 (r) 2021 Sheppard Retrograde irregular ( Ananke) [45]
S/2021 J 3 Jupiter 1 21,495,700 643.85 (r) 2021 Sheppard Retrograde irregular ( Ananke) [46]
S/2021 J 4 Jupiter 0.5 22,946,700 710.13 (r) 2021 Sheppard Retrograde irregular ( Carme) [47]
S/2021 J 5 Jupiter 1 22,831,800 704.80 (r) 2021 Sheppard, Tholen, Trujillo Retrograde irregular ( Carme) [48]
S/2021 J 6 Jupiter 0.5 23,427,200 732.55 (r) 2021 Sheppard, Tholen, Trujillo Retrograde irregular ( Carme) [49]
S/2022 J 1 Jupiter 0.5 22,015,500 667.34 (r) 2022 Sheppard Retrograde irregular ( Carme) [50]
S/2022 J 2 Jupiter 0.5 22,413,200 685.51 (r) 2022 Sheppard Retrograde irregular ( Carme) [51]
S/2022 J 3 Jupiter 0.5 20,912,400 617.82 (r) 2022 Sheppard Retrograde irregular ( Ananke) [52]
Mimas
Mimas Cassini.jpg
Saturn I (1) 198.2±0.4 185,540 0.942 1789 Herschel Main-group moon [14] [15]
Enceladus
PIA17202 - Approaching Enceladus.jpg
Saturn II (2) 252.1±0.2 238,040 1.370 1789 Herschel Main-group moon [14] [15]
Tethys
PIA18317-SaturnMoon-Tethys-Cassini-20150411.jpg
Saturn III (3) 533.1±0.7 294,670 1.888 1684 Cassini Main-group moon ( Sidera Lodoicea) [14] [15]
Dione
Dione3 cassini big.jpg
Saturn IV (4) 561.4±0.4 377,420 2.737 1684 Cassini Main-group moon ( Sidera Lodoicea) [14] [15]
Rhea
PIA07763 Rhea full globe5.jpg
Saturn V (5) 763.8±1.0 527,070 4.518 1672 Cassini Main-group moon ( Sidera Lodoicea) [14] [15]
Titan
Titan in true color by Kevin M. Gill.jpg
Saturn VI (6) 2,574.73±0.09 1,221,870 15.95 1655 Huygens Main-group moon [14] [15]
Hyperion
Hyperion true.jpg
Saturn VII (7) 135 1,500,880 21.28 1848 W.Bond, G. Bond, and Lassell Main-group moon [14] [15]
Iapetus
Iapetus 706 1419 1.jpg
Saturn VIII (8) 735.6±1.5 3,560,840 79.33 1671 Cassini Main-group moon ( Sidera Lodoicea) [14] [15]
Phoebe
Phoebe cassini.jpg
Saturn IX (9) 106.5±0.7 12,947,780 550.31 (r) 1899 Pickering Retrograde irregular ( Norse) [14] [15]
Janus
PIA12714 Janus crop.jpg
Saturn X (10) 89.5±1.4 151,460 0.695 1966 Dollfus; Voyager 1 (confirmed) Inner moon (co-orbital) [14] [15]
Epimetheus PIA09813 Epimetheus S. polar region.jpg Saturn XI (11) 58.1±1.8 151,410 0.694 1966 Walker; Voyager 1 (confirmed) Inner moon (co-orbital) [14] [15]
Helene
Cassini Helene N00086698 CL.jpg
Saturn XII (12) 17.6±0.4 377,420 2.737 1980 Laques, Lecacheux Main-group trojan [14] [15]
Telesto
Telesto cassini closeup.jpg
Saturn XIII (13) 12.4±0.4 294,710 1.888 1980 Smith, Reitsema, Larson, Fountain ( Voyager 1) Main-group trojan [14] [15]
Calypso
Calypso N1644755236 1.jpg
Saturn XIV (14) 10.7±0.7 294,710 1.888 1980 Pascu, Seidelmann, Baum, Currie Main-group trojan [14] [15]
Atlas
Atlas color PIA21449.png
Saturn XV (15) 15.1±0.9 137,670 0.602 1980 Terrile ( Voyager 1) Inner moon ( shepherd) [14] [15]
Prometheus
Prometheus 12-26-09b.jpg
Saturn XVI (16) 43.1±2.7 139,380 0.613 1980 Collins ( Voyager 1) Inner moon ( shepherd) [14] [15]
Pandora
Pandora PIA07632.jpg
Saturn XVII (17) 40.7±1.5 141,720 0.629 1980 Collins ( Voyager 1) Inner moon ( shepherd) [14] [15]
Pan
Pan by Cassini, March 2017.jpg
Saturn XVIII (18) 14.1 133,580 0.575 1990 Showalter ( Voyager 2) Inner moon ( shepherd) [14] [15]
Ymir
Ymir-CFHT.gif
Saturn XIX (19) 9 23,140,400 1,315.58 (r) 2000 Gladman Retrograde irregular ( Norse) [14] [15]
Paaliaq
Paaliaq-CFHT.gif
Saturn XX (20) 11 15,200,000 686.95 2000 Gladman Prograde irregular ( Inuit) [14] [15]
Tarvos
Tarvos discovery.gif
Saturn XXI (21) 7.5 17,983,000 926.23 2000 Gladman, Kavelaars Prograde irregular ( Gallic) [14] [15]
Ijiraq
Ijiraq-discovery-CFHT.gif
Saturn XXII (22) 6 11,124,000 451.42 2000 Gladman, Kavelaars Prograde irregular ( Inuit) [14] [15]
Suttungr
Suttungr-discovery-CFHT.gif
Saturn XXIII (23) 3.5 19,459,000 1,016.67 (r) 2000 Gladman, Kavelaars Retrograde irregular ( Norse) [14] [15]
Kiviuq
Kiviuq-CFHT.gif
Saturn XXIV (24) 8 11,110,000 449.22 2000 Gladman Prograde irregular ( Inuit) [14] [15]
Mundilfari
Mundilfari-discovery-CFHT.gif
Saturn XXV (25) 3.5 18,628,000 952.77 (r) 2000 Gladman, Kavelaars Retrograde irregular ( Norse) [14] [15]
Albiorix
Albiorix WISE-W4.jpg
Saturn XXVI (26) 16 16,182,000 783.45 2000 Holman, Spahr Prograde irregular ( Gallic) [14] [15]
Skathi
Skathi-discovery-CFHT.gif
Saturn XXVII (27) 4 15,540,000 728.20 (r) 2000 Gladman, Kavelaars Retrograde irregular ( Norse) [14] [15]
Erriapus
Erriapus-discovery-CFHT.gif
Saturn XXVIII (28) 5 17,343,000 871.19 2000 Gladman, Kavelaars Prograde irregular ( Gallic) [14] [15]
Siarnaq
Siarnaq-discovery-CFHT.gif
Saturn XXIX (29) 20 18,015,400 896.44 2000 Gladman, Kavelaars Prograde irregular ( Inuit) [14] [15]
Thrymr
Thrymr-discovery-CFHT.gif
Saturn XXX (30) 3.5 20,314,000 1,094.11 (r) 2000 Gladman, Kavelaars Retrograde irregular ( Norse) [14] [15]
Narvi
Narvi.jpg
Saturn XXXI (31) 3.5 19,007,000 1,003.86 (r) 2003 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular ( Norse) [14] [15]
Methone
Methone PIA14633.jpg
Saturn XXXII (32) 1.45 194,440 1.010 2004 Porco, Charnoz, Brahic, Dones ( Cassini–Huygens) Alkyonide moon [15]
Pallene
Pallene N1665945513 1.jpg
Saturn XXXIII (33) 2.22 212,280 1.154 2004 Gordon, Murray, Beurle, et al. ( Cassini–Huygens) Alkyonide moon [15]
Polydeuces
Polydeuces.jpg
Saturn XXXIV (34) 1.3 377,200 2.737 2004 Porco et al. ( Cassini–Huygens) Main-group trojan [15]
Daphnis
Daphnis (Saturn's Moon).jpg
Saturn XXXV (35) 3.8±0.8 136,500 0.594 2005 Porco et al. ( Cassini–Huygens) Inner moon ( shepherd) [15]
Aegir Saturn XXXVI (36) 3 20,751,000 1,117.52 (r) 2004 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Marsden Retrograde irregular ( Norse) [14] [15]
Bebhionn
Bebhionn-cassini.png
Saturn XXXVII (37) 3 17,119,000 834.84 2004 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Marsden Prograde irregular ( Gallic) [14] [15]
Bergelmir
Bergelmir.png
Saturn XXXVIII (38) 3 19,336,000 1,005.74 (r) 2004 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Marsden Retrograde irregular ( Norse) [14] [15]
Bestla
Bestla-cassini.png
Saturn XXXIX (39) 3.5 20,192,000 1,088.72 (r) 2004 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Marsden Retrograde irregular ( Norse) [14] [15]
Farbauti Saturn XL (40) 2.5 20,377,000 1,085.55 (r) 2004 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Marsden Retrograde irregular ( Norse) [14] [15]
Fenrir Saturn XLI (41) 2 22,454,000 1,260.35 (r) 2004 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Marsden Retrograde irregular ( Norse) [14] [15]
Fornjot
Fornjot-cassini.png
Saturn XLII (42) 3 25,146,000 1,494.2 (r) 2004 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Marsden Retrograde irregular ( Norse) [14] [15]
Hati
Hati-cassini.png
Saturn XLIII (43) 3 19,846,000 1,038.61 (r) 2004 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Marsden Retrograde irregular ( Norse) [14] [15]
Hyrrokkin
Hyrrokkin-cassini.png
Saturn XLIV (44) 4 18,437,000 931.86 (r) 2004 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular ( Norse) [15]
Kari
Kari-cassini.png
Saturn XLV (45) 3.5 22,089,000 1,230.97 (r) 2006 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular ( Norse) [15]
Loge
Loge N00177425.jpg
Saturn XLVI (46) 3 23,058,000 1,311.36 (r) 2006 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular ( Norse) [15]
Skoll Saturn XLVII (47) 3 17,665,000 878.29 (r) 2006 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular ( Norse) [15]
Surtur Saturn XLVIII (48) 3 22,704,000 1,297.36 (r) 2006 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular ( Norse) [15]
Anthe
Anthe crop.jpg
Saturn XLIX (49) 0.9 197,700 1.0365 2007 Porco et al. ( Cassini–Huygens) Alkyonide moon [53]
Jarnsaxa Saturn L (50) 3 18,811,000 964.74 (r) 2006 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular ( Norse) [15]
Greip
Greip-cassini.png
Saturn LI (51) 3 18,206,000 921.19 (r) 2006 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular ( Norse) [15]
Tarqeq
Tarqeq-cassini.png
Saturn LII (52) 3.5 18,009,000 887.48 2007 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Prograde irregular ( Inuit) [15]
Aegaeon
N1643264379 1.jpg
Saturn LIII (53) 0.33 167,500 0.808 2008 Cassini Imaging Science Team Cassini–Huygens G-ring moonlet [54] [55]
Gridr Saturn LIV (54) 3 19,418,000 1,010.55 (r) 2004 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular ( Norse) [56]
Angrboda Saturn LV (55) 3 20,636,000 1,107.13 (r) 2004 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular ( Norse) [57]
Skrymir Saturn LVI (56) 4 21,163,000 1,149.82 (r) 2004 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular ( Norse) [58]
Gerd Saturn LVII (57) 4 21,174,000 1,150.69 (r) 2004 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular ( Norse) [59]
S/2004 S 26 Saturn LVIII (58) 4 26,676,000 1,627.18 (r) 2004 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Marsden Retrograde irregular ( Norse) [60]
Eggther Saturn LIX (59) 6 19,976,000 1,054.45 (r) 2004 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Marsden, Jacobson Retrograde irregular ( Norse) [61]
S/2004 S 29 Saturn LX (60) 4 16,981,000 826.44 2004 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Marsden Prograde irregular ( Gallic) [62]
Beli Saturn LXI (61) 3 20,396,000 1,087.84 (r) 2004 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular ( Norse) [63]
Gunnlod Saturn LXII (62) 4 21,214,000 1,153.96 (r) 2004 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular ( Norse) [64]
Thiazzi Saturn LXIII (63) 4 24,168,000 1,403.18 (r) 2004 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular ( Norse) [65]
S/2004 S 34 Saturn LXIV (64) 3 24,299,000 1,414.59 (r) 2004 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular ( Norse) [66]
Alvaldi Saturn LXV (65) 6 22,412,000 1,253.08 (r) 2004 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Marsden Retrograde irregular ( Norse) [67]
Geirrod Saturn LXVI (66) 4 21,908,000 1,211.02 (r) 2004 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular ( Norse) [68]
S/2004 S 7 Saturn 3 20,999,000 1,140.24 (r) 2004 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Marsden Retrograde irregular ( Norse?) [14] [15]
S/2004 S 12 Saturn 2.5 19,878,000 1,046.19 (r) 2004 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Marsden Retrograde irregular ( Norse) [14] [15]
S/2004 S 13 Saturn 3 18,404,000 933.48 (r) 2004 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Marsden Retrograde irregular ( Norse?) [14] [15]
S/2004 S 17 Saturn 2 19,447,000 1,014.70 (r) 2004 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Marsden Retrograde irregular ( Norse?) [14] [15]
S/2004 S 21 Saturn 3 22,645,000 1,272.61 (r) 2004 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular ( Norse) [69]
S/2004 S 24 Saturn 3 22,901,000 1,294.25 2004 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Marsden Prograde irregular (group unknown, possibly Gallic) [70]
S/2004 S 28 Saturn 4 22,020,000 1,220.31 (r) 2004 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Marsden Retrograde irregular ( Norse?) [71]
S/2004 S 31 Saturn 4 17,568,000 869.65 2004 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Marsden Prograde irregular ( Inuit) [72]
S/2004 S 36 Saturn 3 23,192,000 1,319.07 (r) 2004 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular ( Norse) [73]
S/2004 S 37 Saturn 4 15,892,000 748.18 (r) 2004 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular ( Norse) [74]
S/2004 S 39 Saturn 3 23,575,000 1,351.83 (r) 2004 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular ( Norse) [75]
S/2006 S 1 Saturn 3 18,790,000 963.37 (r) 2006 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular ( Norse) [15]
S/2006 S 3 Saturn 3 22,096,000 1,227.21 (r) 2006 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular ( Norse) [15]
S/2007 S 2 Saturn 3 16,725,000 808.08 (r) 2007 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular ( Norse) [15]
S/2007 S 3 Saturn 3 18,975,000 977.8 (r) 2007 Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna Retrograde irregular ( Norse?) [15]
S/2009 S 1
PIA11665 moonlet in B Ring cropped.jpg
Saturn 0.15 117,000 0.471 2009 Cassini Imaging Science Team Cassini–Huygens B-ring moonlet [76]
S/2019 S 1 Saturn 3 11,221,000 443.8 2019 Ashton, Gladman, Petit, Alexandersen Prograde irregular ( Inuit) [77]
Ariel
Ariel (moon).jpg
Uranus I (1) 578.9±0.6 190,900 2.520 1851 Lassell Main-group moon [14] [15]
Umbriel
PIA00040 Umbrielx2.47.jpg
Uranus II (2) 584.7±2.8 266,000 4.144 1851 Lassell Main-group moon [14] [15]
Titania
Titania (moon) color, cropped.jpg
Uranus III (3) 788.9±1.8 436,300 8.706 1787 Herschel Main-group moon [14] [15]
Oberon
Voyager 2 picture of Oberon.jpg
Uranus IV (4) 761.4±2.6 583,500 13.46 1787 Herschel Main-group moon [14] [15]
Miranda
PIA18185 Miranda's Icy Face.jpg
Uranus V (5) 235.8±0.7 129,900 1.413 1948 Kuiper Main-group moon [14] [15]
Cordelia
Cordeliamoon.png
Uranus VI (6) 20.1±3 49,800 0.335 1986 Terrile ( Voyager 2) Inner moon ( shepherd) [14] [15]
Ophelia
Opheliamoon.png
Uranus VII (7) 21.4±4 53,800 0.376 1986 Terrile ( Voyager 2) Inner moon ( shepherd) [14] [15]
Bianca
Biancamoon.png
Uranus VIII (8) 25.7±2 59,200 0.435 1986 Smith ( Voyager 2) Inner moon [14] [15]
Cressida
Cressida.png
Uranus IX (9) 39.8±2 61,800 0.464 1986 Synnott ( Voyager 2) Inner moon [14] [15]
Desdemona
Desdemonamoon.png
Uranus X (10) 32±4 62,700 0.474 1986 Synnott ( Voyager 2) Inner moon [14] [15]
Juliet
Julietmoon.png
Uranus XI (11) 46.8±4 64,400 0.493 1986 Synnott ( Voyager 2) Inner moon [14] [15]
Portia
Portia1.jpg
Uranus XII (12) 67.6±4.0 66,100 0.513 1986 Synnott ( Voyager 2) Inner moon [14] [15]
Rosalind
Rosalindmoon.png
Uranus XIII (13) 36±6 69,900 0.558 1986 Synnott ( Voyager 2) Inner moon [14] [15]
Belinda
Belinda.gif
Uranus XIV (14) 40.3±8 75,300 0.624 1986 Synnott ( Voyager 2) Inner moon [14] [15]
Puck
Puck.png
Uranus XV (15) 81±2 86,000 0.762 1985 Synnott ( Voyager 2) Inner moon [14] [15]
Caliban
Caliban discovery.jpg
Uranus XVI (16) 36.4 7,231,100 579.73 (r) 1997 Gladman, Nicholson, Burns, Kavelaars Retrograde irregular [78] [15]
Sycorax
Uranus-sycorax2.gif
Uranus XVII (17) 93 12,179,400 1,288.38 (r) 1997 Gladman, Nicholson, Burns, Kavelaars Retrograde irregular [78] [15]
Prospero
Prospero - Uranus moon.jpg
Uranus XVIII (18) 25 16,256,000 1,978.29 (r) 1999 Gladman, Holman, Kavelaars, Petit, Scholl Retrograde irregular [14] [15]
Setebos
Uranus - Setebos image.jpg
Uranus XIX (19) 24 17,418,000 2,225.21 (r) 1999 Gladman, Holman, Kavelaars, Petit, Scholl Retrograde irregular [14] [15]
Stephano
Stephano - Uranus moon.jpg
Uranus XX (20) 16 8,004,000 677.36 (r) 1999 Gladman, Holman, Kavelaars, Petit, Scholl Retrograde irregular [14] [15]
Trinculo Uranus XXI (21) 9.5 8,504,000 749.24 (r) 2001 Holman, Kavelaars, Milisavljevic Retrograde irregular [14] [15]
Francisco Uranus XXII (22) 11 4,276,000 266.56 (r) 2001 Holman, Kavelaars, Milisavljevic, Gladman Retrograde irregular [14] [15]
Margaret
S2003u3acircle.gif
Uranus XXIII (23) 10 14,345,000 1,687.01 2003 Sheppard, Jewitt Prograde irregular [14] [15]
Ferdinand
Uranus moon 021002 02.jpg
Uranus XXIV (24) 10 20,901,000 2,887.21 (r) 2001 Holman, Kavelaars, Milisavljevic, et al. Retrograde irregular [14] [15]
Perdita
Perditamoon.png
Uranus XXV (25) 15 76,417 0.638 1999 Karkoschka ( Voyager 2) Inner moon [15]
Mab
Mabmoon.png
Uranus XXVI (26) 12 97,736 0.923 2003 Showalter, Lissauer Inner moon [15]
Cupid
Cupidmoon.png
Uranus XXVII (27) 9 74,392 0.613 2003 Showalter, Lissauer Inner moon [15]
Triton
Triton2.jpg
Neptune I (1) 1,353.4±0.9 354,800 5.877 (r) 1846 Lassell Retrograde irregular [14] [15]
Nereid
Nereid-Voyager2.jpg
Neptune II (2) 170±25 5,513,820 360.14 1949 Kuiper Prograde irregular [79] [15]
Naiad
Naiad Voyager.png
Neptune III (3) 33±3 48,224 0.294 1989 Terrile ( Voyager 2) Inner moon [14] [15]
Thalassa
Neptune Trio.jpg
Neptune IV (4) 41±3 50,075 0.311 1989 Terrile ( Voyager 2) Inner moon [14] [15]
Despina
Despina.jpg
Neptune V (5) 78±4.7 52,526 0.335 1989 Synnott ( Voyager 2) Inner moon [14] [15]
Galatea
Galatea moon.jpg
Neptune VI (6) 88±4 61,953 0.429 1989 Synnott ( Voyager 2) Inner moon [14] [15]
Larissa
Larissa 1.jpg
Neptune VII (7) 97±3 73,548 0.555 1981 Reitsema, Hubbard, Lebofsky, Tholen ( Voyager 2) Inner moon [14] [15]
Proteus
Proteus (Voyager 2).jpg
Neptune VIII (8) 210±7 117,647 1.122 1989 Synnott ( Voyager 2) Inner moon [14] [15]
Halimede
N2002n1b.jpg
Neptune IX (9) 31 15,728,000 1,879.71 (r) 2002 Holman, Kavelaars, Grav, Fraser, Milisavljevic Retrograde irregular [14] [15]
Psamathe
Psamathe feat.jpg
Neptune X (10) 20 46,695,000 9,115.91 (r) 2003 Jewitt, Kleyna, Sheppard, Holman, Kavelaars Retrograde irregular [14] [15]
Sao
Sao VLT-FORS1 2002-09-03 annotated.gif
Neptune XI (11) 22 22,422,000 2,914.07 2002 Holman, Kavelaars, Grav, Fraser, Milisavljevic Prograde irregular [14] [15]
Laomedeia
Laomedeia VLT-FORS1 2002-09-03 annotated.gif
Neptune XII (12) 21 23,571,000 3,167.85 2002 Holman, Kavelaars, Grav, Fraser, Milisavljevic Prograde irregular [14] [15]
Neso
Neso VLT-FORS1 2002-09-03.gif
Neptune XIII (13) 30 48,387,000 9,740.73 (r) 2002 Holman, Kavelaars, Grav, Fraser, Milisavljevic Retrograde irregular [14] [15]
Hippocamp Hippocamp-heic1904b.jpg Neptune XIV (14) 17.4 105,283 0.9362 2013 Showalter et al. Inner moon [80]
Vanth Orcus-vanth hst2.jpg Orcus I (1) 221±5 9,000±9 9.539 2005 Brown & Suer Synchronous rotation [81]
S/2005 (208996) 1
2003AZ84 Hubble.png
2003 AZ84 72±12 ? ? 2005 Brown & Suer unrecovered natural satellite [82]
Charon Charon in True Color - High-Res.jpg Pluto I (1) 606±0.5 19,591 6.387 1978 Christy Synchronous rotation [14] [15]
Nix Nix best view.jpg Pluto II (2) 22.5 48,671 24.85 2005 Weaver, Stern, Buie, et al. Chaotic rotation [14] [15]
Hydra Hydra Enhanced Color.jpg Pluto III (3) 27.5 64,698 38.20 2005 Weaver, Stern, Buie, et al. Chaotic rotation [14] [15]
Kerberos Kerberos (moon).jpg Pluto IV (4) 7 57,729 32.17 2011 Showalter ( Hubble) Chaotic rotation [14] [15] [83] [84]
Styx Styx (moon).jpg Pluto V (5) 5.5 42,393 20.16 2012 Showalter ( Hubble) Chaotic rotation [14] [15] [85]
Actaea Salacia Hubble.png Salacia I (1) 142±5 5,724±27 5.494 2006 Noll et al. [81]
Hiʻiaka Haumea Hubble.png Haumea I (1) ≈160 49,880 49.12 2005 Brown et al. assuming a chaotic rotation [8] [86] [87]
Namaka Haumea II (2) ≈85 25,657 18.2783 2005 Brown et al. assuming a chaotic rotation [8] [86] [87]
Weywot Quaoar-weywot hst.jpg Quaoar I (1) 37 14,500±800 12.438 2007 Brown [88]
S/2015 (136472) 1 Makemake moon Hubble image with legend (cropped).jpg Makemake ≈87.5 >21,000 >12.4 2016 Parker et al. [89] [90]
Ilmarë Varda-ilmare hst.jpg Varda I (1) 163±18 [91] 4,809±39 5.751 2009 Noll et al. [92]
S/2018 (532037) 1
2013FY27.gif
2013 FY27 ≈93 >9,800 ± 40 ≈19 2018 Sheppard likely a prograde orbit [93]
Xiangliu 225088 Gonggong and Xiangliu by Hubble (2010).png Gonggong I (1) <100 [94] 24,020±200 25.221 2010 Marton, Kiss & Müller assuming a prograde orbit [94]
Dysnomia
Eris and dysnomia2.jpg
Eris I (1) 350±60 [7] 37,273±64 15.786 2005 Brown, Rabinowitz, Trujillo et al. Synchronous rotation [95]

See also

References

  1. ^ Ice in the Solar System – NASA
  2. ^ Warell, J.; Karlsson, O. (2007). "A search for natural satellites of Mercury". Planetary and Space Science. 55 (14): 2037–2041. Bibcode: 2007P&SS...55.2037W. doi: 10.1016/j.pss.2007.06.004.
  3. ^ "Solar System Exploration: Planets: Venus: Moons". NASA. Archived from the original on 11 February 2016. Retrieved 16 March 2008.
  4. ^ Sheppard, Scott; et al. (2004). "A Survey for Outer Satellites of Mars: Limits to Completeness". The Astronomical Journal. 128 (5): 2542–2546. arXiv: astro-ph/0409522. Bibcode: 2004AJ....128.2542S. doi: 10.1086/424541. S2CID  45681283.
  5. ^ Buie, Marc W.; Grundy, William M.; Young, Eliot F.; Young, Leslie A.; Stern, S. Alan (2006). "Orbits and Photometry of Pluto's Satellites: Charon, S/2005 P1, and S/2005 P2". The Astronomical Journal. 132 (1): 290–298. arXiv: astro-ph/0512491. Bibcode: 2006AJ....132..290B. doi: 10.1086/504422. S2CID  119386667.. a, i, e per JPL (site updated 2008 Aug 25)
  6. ^ Bieryla, Allyson; Parker, J. W. (December 2006). "Search for Satellites around Ceres". 2007 AAS/AAPT Joint Meeting, American Astronomical Society Meeting 209, #25.02; Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society. 38: 933. Bibcode: 2006AAS...209.2502B.
  7. ^ a b Johnston, W. R. (30 December 2008). "(136199) Eris and Dysnomia". Johnston's Archive. Retrieved 1 December 2016.
  8. ^ a b c Dumas, C.; Carry, B.; Hestroffer, D.; Merlin, F. (2011). "High-contrast observations of (136108) Haumea". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 528: A105. arXiv: 1101.2102. Bibcode: 2011A&A...528A.105D. doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/201015011. S2CID  119226136.
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