| Barbary sheep | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification
| |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Artiodactyla |
| Family: | Bovidae |
| Subfamily: | Caprinae |
| Tribe: | Caprini |
| Genus: |
Ammotragus ( Blyth, 1840) |
| Species: | A. lervia
|
| Binomial name | |
| Ammotragus lervia (
Pallas, 1777)
| |
| Subspecies | |
|
A. l. angusi Rothschild, 1921 | |
| Synonyms | |
The Barbary sheep (Ammotragus lervia), also known as aoudad (pronounced [ˈɑʊdæd]) is a species of caprine native to rocky mountains in North Africa. While this is the only species in genus Ammotragus, six subspecies have been described. Although it is rare in its native North Africa, it has been introduced to North America, southern Europe, and elsewhere. It is also known in the Berber language as waddan or arwi, and in former French territories as the moufflon.
Description
Barbary sheep stand 75 to 110 cm (2.46 to 3.61 ft) tall at the shoulder, with a length around 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in), and weigh 30 to 145 kg (66 to 320 lb) [1]. They are sandy-brown, darkening with age, with a slightly lighter underbelly and a darker line along the back. Upper parts and the outer parts of the legs are a uniform reddish- or grayish-brown. Some shaggy hair is on the throat (extending down to the chest in males) with a sparse mane. Their horns have a triangular cross-section. The horns curve outward, backward, then inward, and can exceed 76 cm (30 in) in length. The horns are fairly smooth, with slight wrinkles evident at the base as the animal matures. [5]
Range
Natural range
Barbary sheep naturally occur in northern Africa in Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, northern Chad, Egypt, Libya, northern Mali, Mauritania, Niger, and Sudan (west of the Nile, and in the Red Sea Hills east of the Nile). [6]
Introduced populations
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Barbary sheep have been introduced to southeastern Spain, [7] the southwestern United States [8] ( Chinati Mountains on La Escalera Ranch, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, Palo Duro Canyon, the Trans-Pecos, and other parts of Texas and New Mexico), Niihau Island (Hawaii), Mexico, and some parts of Africa.[ citation needed] They have become common in a limited region of southeastern Spain, since its introduction in 1970 to Sierra Espuña regional park as a game species. Its adaptability enabled it to colonise nearby areas quickly, and private game estates provided other centers of dispersion. The species is currently expanding, according to recent field surveys, now being found in the provinces of Alicante, Almería, Granada, and Murcia. [9] This species is a potential competitor to native ungulates inhabiting the Iberian Peninsula. The species has also been introduced to La Palma ( Canary Islands), and has spread throughout the northern and central parts of the island, where it is a serious threat to endemic vegetation. [10] Aoudad has also been introduced in Croatia several times and there is a population in Mosor. [11]
Taxonomy
A. lervia is the only species in the genus Ammotragus. However, some authors include this genus in the goat genus Capra, together with the sheep genus Ovis. [4]
The subspecies are found allopatrically in various parts of North Africa: [6]
- A. l. lervia Pallas, 1777 (vulnerable)
- A. l. ornata I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1827 (Egyptian Barbary sheep, thought to be extinct in the wild but still found in the eastern desert of Egypt) [12] [13]
- A. l. sahariensis Rothschild, 1913 (vulnerable)
- A. l. blainei Rothschild, 1913 (vulnerable)
- A. l. angusi Rothschild, 1921 (vulnerable)
- A. l. fassini Lepri, 1930 (vulnerable)
Habitats
Barbary sheep are found in arid mountainous areas where they graze and browse grasses, bushes, and lichens. They are able to obtain all their metabolic water from food, but if liquid water is available, they drink and wallow in it. Barbary sheep are crepuscular - active in the early morning and late afternoon and rest in the heat of the day. They are very agile and can achieve a standing jump over 2 metres (7 ft). They are well adapted to their habitat, which consist of steep, rocky mountains and canyons. They often flee at the first sign of danger, typically running uphill. They are extremely nomadic and travel constantly via mountain ranges. Their main predators in North Africa were the Barbary leopard, the Barbary lion, and caracal, but now humans, feral dogs, competition due to overgrazing by domestic animals and drought [14] threaten their populations.
Names
The binomial name Ammotragus lervia derives from the Greek ἄμμος ámmos ("sand", referring to the sand-coloured coat) and τράγος trágos ("goat").
Lervia derives from the wild sheep of northern Africa described as "lerwee" by Rev. T. Shaw in his "Travels and Observations" about parts of Barbary and Levant.
The Spanish named this sheep the arruis, from Berber arrwis, and the Spanish Legion even used it as a mascot for a time.
Aoudad ([ˈɑː.uːdæd]) is the name for this sheep used by the Berbers, a North African people, and it is also called arui and waddan (in Libya).
Gallery
Barbary sheep seeks handouts at a Texas wildlife park
Ewe and lamb rest in the shade of a tree
Lamb (closeup)
Barbary sheep at the Wildlife Ranch in San Antonio
Barbary sheep at Tierpark Hagenbeck, Hamburg, Germany
Ewes and a juvenile at Zoologischer Garten, Berlin, Germany
Barbary sheep at Tennōji Zoo, Japan
Head of a ram
Skeleton of a Barbary sheep ( Museum of Osteology)
Captive Barbary Sheep Safari West Santa Rosa, California
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References
- ^ Cassinello, J.; Cuzin, F.; Jdeidi, T.; Masseti, M.; Nader, I.; de Smet, K. (2008). "Ammotragus lervia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008: e.T1151A3288917. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T1151A3288917.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
- ^ Grubb, P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-8221-4. OCLC 62265494.
- ^ a b Grubb, P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-8221-4. OCLC 62265494.
- ^ Encyclopedia of animals. Great Neck Pub. 2017. ISBN 9781429811255.
- ^ a b Grubb, P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-8221-4. OCLC 62265494.
- ^ Acevedo, Pelayo; Cassinello, Jorge; Hortal, Joaquín; Gortázar, Christian (1 June 2007). "Invasive exotic aoudad (Ammotragus lervia) as a major threat to native Iberian ibex (Capra pyrenaica): a habitat suitability model approach". Diversity and Distributions. 13 (5): 587–597. doi: 10.1111/j.1472-4642.2007.00374.x. hdl: 10261/118202. S2CID 83656269.
- ^ Cassinello, Jorge (September 2018). "Misconception and mismanagement of invasive species: The paradoxical case of an alien ungulate in Spain". Conservation Letters. 11 (5): e12440. doi: 10.1111/conl.12440.
- ^ Cassinello, J.; Serrano, E.; Calabuig, G. & Pérez, J.M. (2004). Range expansion of an exotic ungulate (Ammotragus lervia) in southern Spain: ecological and conservation concerns. Biodiversity and Conservation 13: 851-866
- ^ Nogales, M.; Rodriguez-Luengo, J. L.; Marerro, P. (January 2006). "Ecological effects and distribution of invasive non-native mammals on the Canary Islands". Mammal Review. 36 (1): 49–65. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2907.2006.00077.x.
- ^ Hackländer, K.; Zachos, F. E. (2020). Handbook of the Mammals of Europe. Springer, Cham. ISBN 978-3-319-65038-8.
- ^ Wacher, T., El Din, S. B., Mikhail, G., & El Din, M. B. (2002). New observations of the ‘extinct’ Barbary sheep Ammotragus lervia ornata in Egypt. Oryx, 36(3), 301-304. doi: 10.1017/S0030605302000534
- ^ Manlius, N., Menardi-Noguera, A. and Zboray, A. 2003. Decline of the Barbary sheep (Ammotragus lervia) in Egypt during the 20th century: literature review and recent observations. Journal of Zoology (London) 259: 403-409. doi: 10.1017/S0952836902003394
-
^ Jamel Ben Mimoun, Jorge Cassinello, Saïd Nouira (January 2016).
"Update of the distribution and status of the aoudad Ammotragus lervia (Bovidae, Caprini) in Tunisia". Mammalia.
{{ cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link)
Further reading
- Cassinello, J. (1998). Ammotragus lervia: a review on systematics, biology, ecology and distribution. Annales Zoologici Fennici 35: 149-162
- Cassinello, J. (2013). Ammotragus lervia: 595–599. In: Mammals of Africa. Vol VI. Pigs, Hippopotamuses, Chevrotain, Giraffes, Deer and Bovids. JS Kingdon & M Hoffmann (Eds.) Bloomsbury Publishing, London.
- Cassinello, J. (2015). Ammotragus lervia (aoudad). In: Invasive Species Compendium. http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/94507[ permanent dead link] CAB International, Wallingford, UK.
- Wacher, T., Baha El Din, S., Mikhail, G. & Baha El Din, M. (2002). New observations of the "extinct" Aoudad Ammotragus lervia ornata in Egypt. Oryx 36: 301–304.
External links
