Despite its multi-ethnic composition,[24][25] the culture of the United States held in common by most Americans can also be referred to as mainstream
American culture, a
Western culture largely derived from the traditions of
Northern and
Western European colonists, settlers, and immigrants.[24] It also includes significant influences of
African-American culture.[26] Westward expansion integrated the
Creoles and
Cajuns of Louisiana and the Hispanos of the Southwest and brought close contact with the
culture of Mexico. Large-scale immigration in the late 19th and early 20th centuries from
Eastern and
Southern Europe introduced a variety of elements. Immigration from
Africa,
Asia, and
Latin America has also had impact. A cultural
melting pot, or pluralistic
salad bowl, describes the way in which generations of Americans have celebrated and exchanged distinctive cultural characteristics.[24]
The United States currently has 37
ancestry groups with more than one million individuals.[27]White Americans with ancestry from Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa form the largest
racial and
ethnic group at 57.8% of the United States population.[28][29]Hispanic and Latino Americans form the second-largest group and are 18.7% of the United States population.
African Americans constitute the country's third-largest ancestry group and are 12.1% of the total U.S. population.[27]Asian Americans are the country's fourth-largest group, composing 5.9% of the United States population. The country's 3.7 million
Native Americans account for about 1%,[27] and some 574 native tribes are recognized by the federal government.[30] In addition to the United States, Americans and people of American descent can be found internationally. As many as seven million Americans are estimated to be living abroad, and make up the
American diaspora.[31][32][33]
The United States is a
diverse country,
racially, and
ethnically.[35]Six races are officially recognized by the
United States Census Bureau for statistical purposes: Alaska Native and American Indian, Asian, Black or African American, Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, White, and people of two or more races. "Some other race" is also an option in the census and other surveys.[36][37][38]
The United States Census Bureau also classifies Americans as "Hispanic or Latino" and "Not Hispanic or Latino", which identifies
Hispanic and Latino Americans as a racially diverse ethnicity that comprises the largest minority group in the nation.[36][37][38]
Europe is the largest continent that Americans trace their ancestry to, and many claim descent from various
European ethnic groups.[45]
The
Spaniards were the first Europeans to establish a continuous presence in what is now the continental United States in 1565.[46]Martín de Argüelles, born in 1566 in
San Agustín, La Florida then a part of
New Spain, was the first person of European descent born in what is now the continental United States.[47]Virginia Dare, born in 1587 in
Roanoke Island in present-day
North Carolina, was the first child born in the original
Thirteen Colonies to English parents. The Spaniards also established a continuous presence in what over three centuries later would become a possession of the United States with the founding of the city of
San Juan, Puerto Rico, in 1521.
In the 2020 United States census,
English Americans 46.5 million (19.8%),
German Americans 45m (19.1%),
Irish Americans 38.6m (16.4%), and
Italian Americans 16.8m (7.1%) were the four largest self-reported European ancestry groups in the United States constituting 62.4% of the population.[48] However, the English Americans and
British Americans demography is considered a serious under-count as they tend to self-report and identify as simply "
Americans" (since the introduction of a new "American" category in the
1990 census) due to the length of time they have inhabited America. This is highly over-represented in the
Upland South, a region that was settled historically by the British.[49][50][51][52][53][54]
In 2014, the United States Census Bureau began finalizing the ethnic classification of people of Middle Eastern and North African ("MENA") origins.[64] According to the
Arab American Institute (AAI),
Arab Americans have family origins in each of the 22
member states of the Arab League.[65] Following consultations with MENA organizations, the Census Bureau announced in 2014 that it would establish a new MENA ethnic category for populations from the
Middle East,
North Africa, and the
Arab world, separate from the "white" classification that these populations had previously sought in 1909. The groups felt that the earlier "white" designation no longer accurately represents MENA identity, so they successfully lobbied for a distinct categorization.[66] This new category would also include
Israeli Americans.[67] The Census Bureau does not currently ask about whether one is
Sikh, because it views them as followers of a religion rather than members of an ethnic group, and it does not combine questions concerning religion with race or ethnicity.[68] As of December 2015, the sampling strata for the new MENA category includes the Census Bureau's working classification of 19 MENA groups, as well as
Iranian,
Turkish,
Armenian,
Afghan,
Azerbaijani, and
Georgian groups.[69] In January 2018, it was announced that the Census Bureau would not include the grouping in the 2020 census.[70]
Black and African Americans are citizens and residents of the United States with origins in
sub-Saharan Africa.[74] According to the
Office of Management and Budget, the grouping includes individuals who self-identify as African American, as well as persons who emigrated from nations in the
Caribbean and sub-Saharan Africa.[75] The grouping is thus based on geography, and may contradict or misrepresent an individual's self-identification since not all immigrants from sub-Saharan Africa are "Black". Among these racial outliers are persons from
Cape Verde,
Madagascar, various Arab states, and
Hamito-Semitic populations in
East Africa and the
Sahel, and the
Afrikaners of
Southern Africa.[74]African Americans (also referred to as Black Americans or Afro-Americans, and formerly as American
Negroes) are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the
black populations of Africa.[76] According to the 2020 United States census, there were 39,940,338 Black and African Americans in the United States, representing 12.1% of the population.[77][b][78] Black and African Americans make up the third largest group in the United States, after White and European Americans, and Hispanic and Latino Americans.[79] The majority of the population (55%) lives in the
South; compared to the 2000 United States census, there has also been a decrease of African Americans in the
Northeast and
Midwest.[78]
Most African Americans are the direct descendants of captives from
Central and
West Africa, from ancestral populations in countries like
Nigeria,
Benin,
Sierra Leone,
Guinea-Bissau,
Senegal, and
Angola,[80] who survived the
slavery era within the boundaries of the present United States.[81] As an adjective, the term is usually spelled African-American.[82] Montinaro et al. (2014) observed that around 50% of the overall ancestry of African Americans traces back to the
Niger-Congo-speaking
Yoruba of southwestern
Nigeria and southern
Benin (before the European colonization of Africa this people created the
Oyo Empire), reflecting the centrality of this West African region in the
Atlantic slave trade.[83] Zakharaia et al. (2009) found a similar proportion of Yoruba associated ancestry in their African American samples, with a minority also drawn from
Mandinka populations (founders of the
Mali Empire), and
Bantu populations (who had a varying level of social organization during the colonial era, while some Bantu peoples were still tribal, other Bantu peoples had founded kingdoms such as the
Kingdom of Kongo).[84]
According to United States Census Bureau data, very few
African immigrants self-identify as African American. On average, less than 5% of African residents self-reported as "African American" or "Afro-American" on the 2000 U.S. census. The overwhelming majority of African immigrants (~95%) identified instead with their own respective ethnicities. Self-designation as "African American" or "Afro-American" was highest among individuals from West Africa (4%–9%), and lowest among individuals from Cape Verde, East Africa and Southern Africa (0%–4%).[96] African immigrants may also experience conflict with African Americans.[97]
Black and African American population by ancestry group[98][75]
According to the 2020 United States census, there are 2,251,699 people who are Native Americans or
Alaska Natives alone; they make up 0.7% of the total population.[c][99] According to the
Office of Management and Budget (OMB), an "American Indian or Alaska Native" is a person whose ancestry have origins in any of the
original peoples of North, Central, or South America.[99] 2.3 million individuals who are American Indian or Alaskan Native are multiracial;[99] additionally the plurality of American Indians reside in the
Western United States (40.7%).[99] Collectively and historically this race has been known by
several names;[100] as of 1995, 50% of those who fall within the OMB definition prefer the term "American Indian", 37% prefer "Native American" and the remainder have no preference or prefer a different term altogether.[101]
Among Americans today, levels of Native American ancestry (distinct from
Native American identity) differ. Based on a sample of users of the
23andMe commercial genetic test, genomes of self-reported African Americans averaged to 0.8% Native American ancestry, those of European Americans averaged to 0.18%, and those of Latinos averaged to 18.0%.[102][103]
Another significant population is the Asian American population, comprising 19,618,719 people in 2020, or 5.9% of the United States population.[d][119][120] California is home to 5.6 million Asian Americans, the greatest number in any state.[121] In Hawaii, Asian Americans make up the highest proportion of the population (57 percent).[121] Asian Americans live across the country, yet are heavily urbanized, with significant populations in the
Greater Los Angeles Area,
New York metropolitan area, and the
San Francisco Bay Area.[122]
The United States census defines Asian Americans as those with origins to the countries of
East Asia,
South Asia, and
Southeast Asia. Although Americans with roots in
West Asia were once classified as "Asian", they are now excluded from the term in modern census classifications.[123] The largest sub-groups are immigrants or descendants of immigrants from Cambodia, mainland China, India, Japan, Korea, Laos, Pakistan, the Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam. Asians overall have
higher income levels than all other racial groups in the United States, including whites, and the trend appears to be increasing in relation to those groups.[124] Additionally, Asians have a
higher education attainment level than all other racial groups in the United States.[125][126] For better or for worse, the group has been called a
model minority.[127][128][129]
While Asian Americans have been in what is now the United States since before the
Revolutionary War,[130][131][132] relatively large waves of Chinese, Filipino, and Japanese immigration did not begin until the mid-to-late 19th century.[132] Immigration and significant population growth continue to this day.[133] Due to a number of factors, Asian Americans have been
stereotyped as "
perpetual foreigners".[134][135]
As defined by the United States Census Bureau and the Office of Management and Budget,
Native Hawaiians and other
Pacific Islanders are "persons having origins in any of the original peoples of
Hawaii,
Guam,
Samoa, or other
Pacific Islands".[136] Previously called
Asian Pacific American, along with Asian Americans beginning in 1976, this was changed in 1997.[137] As of the 2020 United States census, there are 622,018 who reside in the United States, and make up 0.2% of the nation's total population.[e][138] 14% of the population have at least a
bachelor's degree,[138] and 15.1% live in
poverty, below the
poverty threshold.[138] As compared to the 2000 United States census, this population grew by 40%;[136] and 71% live in the
West; of those over half (52%) live in either
Hawaii or
California, with no other states having populations greater than 100,000. The United States territories in the Pacific also have large Pacific Islander populations such as
Guam and the
Northern Mariana Islands (Chammoro), and
American Samoa (Samoan).[136] The largest concentration of Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders, is
Honolulu County in Hawaii,[138] and
Los Angeles County in the
continental United States.[136]
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander by ancestries[136]
The United States has a growing multiracial identity movement.[139]Multiracial Americans numbered 7.0 million in 2008, or 2.3% of the population;[120] by the 2020 census the multiracial increased to 13,548,983, or 4.1% of the total population.[140] They can be any combination of races (White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian or Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, "some other race") and ethnicities.[141] The largest population of Multiracial Americans were those of
White and African American descent, with a total of 1,834,212 self-identifying individuals.[140]Barack Obama, 44th President of the United States who is biracial- his mother is white (of English and Irish descent) and his father is of
Kenyan birth-[142][143] only self-identifies as being African American.[144][145]
Population by selected Two or More Races Population[146]
According to the 2020 United States census, 8.4% or 27,915,715 Americans chose to self-identify with the "some other race" category, the third most popular option. Also, 42.2% or 26,225,882 Hispanic/Latino Americans chose to identify as
some other race as these Hispanic/Latinos may feel the United States census does not describe their European and American Indian ancestry as they understand it to be.[147]
A significant portion of the Hispanic and Latino population self-identifies as
Mestizo, particularly the Mexican and Central American community.[148]Mestizo is not a racial category in the United States census, but signifies someone who has both European and American Indian ancestry.
Hispanic or Latino Americans constitute the largest
ethnic minority in the United States. They form the second largest group in the United States, comprising 62,080,044 people or 18.7% of the population according to the 2020 United States census.[f][79][149]
Hispanic and Latino Americans are not considered a race in the United States census, instead forming an ethnic category.[150][151][152][153]
People of Spanish or Hispanic and Latino descent have lived in what is now United States territory since the founding of
San Juan, Puerto Rico (the oldest continuously inhabited settlement on American soil) in 1521 by
Juan Ponce de León, and the founding of
St. Augustine, Florida (the oldest continuously inhabited settlement in the continental United States) in 1565 by
Pedro Menéndez de Avilés. In the
State of Texas, Spaniards first
settled the region in the late 1600s and formed a unique
cultural group known as
Tejanos.
Hispanic and Latino American population by national origin[154][155]
Uncle Sam is a
national personification of the United States and sometimes more specifically of the
American government, with the first usage of the term dating from the
War of 1812. He is depicted as a stern elderly white man with white hair and a
goatee beard, and dressed in clothing that recalls the design elements of the
flag of the United States – for example, typically a
top hat with red and white stripes and white stars on a blue band, and red and white striped trousers.
Columbia is a poetic name for the Americas and the feminine personification of the United States of America, made famous by African American poet
Phillis Wheatley during the
American Revolutionary War in 1776. It has inspired the names of many persons, places, objects, institutions, and companies in the
Western Hemisphere and beyond, including the District of Columbia, the seat of government of the United States.
English is the unofficial
national language. Although there is no
official language at the federal level, some laws—such as
U.S. naturalization requirements—standardize English. In 2007, about 226 million, or 80% of the population aged five years and older, spoke only English at home.
Spanish, spoken by 12% of the population at home, is the second most common language and the most widely taught second language.[157][158] Some Americans advocate making English the country's official language, as it is in at least twenty-eight states.[159] Both English and
Hawaiian are official languages in Hawaii by state law.[160]
While neither has an official language,
New Mexico has laws providing for the use of both English and Spanish, as
Louisiana does for English and French.[161] Other states, such as California, mandate the publication of Spanish versions of certain government documents. The latter include court forms.[162] Several insular territories grant official recognition to their native languages, along with English:
Samoan and
Chamorro are recognized by
American Samoa and
Guam, respectively;
Carolinian and Chamorro are recognized by the Northern Mariana Islands; Spanish is an official language of Puerto Rico.
Religion in the United States has a high adherence level compared to other developed countries and a diversity in beliefs. The
First Amendment to the country's
Constitution prevents the Federal government from making any "law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof". The
U.S. Supreme Court has interpreted this as preventing the government from having any authority in religion. A majority of Americans report that religion plays a "very important" role in their lives, a proportion unusual among
developed countries. However, similar to the other nations of the Americas.[164] Many faiths have flourished in the United States, including both later imports spanning the country's multicultural immigrant heritage, as well as those founded within the country; these have led the United States to become the most religiously diverse country in the world.[165]
Several of the original Thirteen Colonies were established by settlers who wished to practice their religion without discrimination: the Massachusetts Bay Colony was established by English
Puritans, Pennsylvania by Irish and English
Quakers, Maryland by English and
Irish Catholics, and Virginia by English
Anglicans. Although some individual states retained established religious confessions well into the 19th century, the United States was the first nation to have no official state-endorsed religion.[172] Modeling the provisions concerning religion within the
Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, the framers of the Constitution rejected any religious test for office. The First Amendment specifically denied the federal government any power to enact any law respecting either an establishment of religion or prohibiting its free exercise, thus protecting any religious organization, institution, or denomination from government interference. European Rationalist and Protestant ideals mainly influenced the decision. Still, it was also a consequence of the pragmatic concerns of minority religious groups and small states that did not want to be under the power or influence of a national religion that did not represent them.[173]
The American culture is primarily a
Western culture, but is influenced by Native American, West African, Latin American, East Asian, and
Polynesian cultures.
Original elements also play a strong role, such as
Jeffersonian democracy.[178] Thomas Jefferson's Notes on the State of Virginia was perhaps the first influential domestic cultural critique by an American and a reaction to the prevailing European consensus that America's domestic originality was
degenerate.[178] Prevalent ideas and ideals that evolved domestically, such as
national holidays, uniquely
American sports, military tradition,[179] and innovations in the arts and entertainment give a strong sense of
national pride among the population as a whole.[180]
American culture includes both
conservative and
liberal elements, scientific and religious competitiveness, political structures, risk taking and free expression, materialist and moral elements. Despite certain consistent ideological principles (e.g.
individualism,
egalitarianism, faith in freedom and
democracy), the American culture has a variety of expressions due to its geographical scale and demographic diversity.
Americans have migrated to many places around the world, including
Argentina,
Australia,
Brazil,
Canada,
Chile,
China,
Costa Rica,
France,
Germany,
Hong Kong,
India,
Japan,
Mexico,
New Zealand,
Pakistan, the
Philippines,
South Korea, the
United Arab Emirates, and the
United Kingdom. Unlike migration from other countries, United States migration is not concentrated in specific countries, possibly as a result of the roots of immigration from so many different countries to the United States.[181] As of 2016[update], there were approximately 9 million United States citizens living outside of the United States.[182] As the result of U.S. tax and financial reporting requirements that apply to non-resident citizens, record numbers of American citizens renounced their U.S. citizenship in the decade from 2010 to 2020.[183] In 2024 a new organization was created to lobby the U.S. Congress for relief from citizenship-based taxation that is often cited as the reason for the record renunciations.[184]
^étrangères, Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires.
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"Fernandez v. Keisler, 502 F.3d 337". Fourth Circuit. September 26, 2007. p. 341.
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"Robertson-Dewar v. Mukasey, 599 F. Supp. 2d 772". U.S. District Court for the Western District of Texas. February 25, 2009. p. 779 n.3.
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Eder, Klaus; Giesen, Bernhard (2001).
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Concepts of Ethnicity. Harvard University Press. p. 62.
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Archived from the original on April 4, 2023. Retrieved February 1, 2013. To be or to become an American, a person did not have to be of any particular national, linguistic, religious, or ethnic background. All he had to do was to commit himself to the political ideology centered on the abstract ideals of liberty, equality, and republicanism. Thus the universalist ideological character of American nationality meant that it was open to anyone who willed to become an American.
^Petersen, William; Novak, Michael; Gleason, Philip (1982).
Concepts of Ethnicity. Harvard University Press. p. 62.
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Archived from the original on April 4, 2023. Retrieved February 1, 2013. ...from Thomas Paine's plea in 1783...to Henry Clay's remark in 1815... "It is hard for us to believe ... how conscious these early Americans were of the job of developing American character out of the regional and generational polaritities and contradictions of a nation of immigrants and migrants." ... To be or to become an American, a person did not have to be of any particular national, linguistic, religious, or ethnic background. All he had to do was to commit himself to the political ideology centered on the abstract ideals of liberty, equality, and republicanism. Thus the universalist ideological character of American nationality meant that it was open to anyone who willed to become an American.
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Wayback Machine viewed January 19, 2015. The U.S. Census Bureau uses the terms native and native born to refer to anyone born in Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, or the U.S. Virgin Islands.
^
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^"The American Diaspora". Esquire. Hurst Communications, Inc. September 26, 2008.
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^
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^Lindsay Hixson; Bradford B. Hepler; Myoung Ouk Kim (September 2011).
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^"2015 National Content Test"(PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. pp. 33–34.
Archived(PDF) from the original on September 21, 2015. Retrieved December 13, 2015. The Census Bureau is undertaking related mid-decade research for coding and classifying detailed national origins and ethnic groups, and our consultations with external experts on the Asian community have also suggested Sikh receive a unique code classified under Asian. The Census Bureau does not currently tabulate on religious responses to the race or ethnic questions (e.g., Sikh, Jewish, Catholic, Muslim, Lutheran, etc.).
^Ira Sheskin; Arnold Dashefsky (2010).
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^Carl Zimmer (December 24, 2014).
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^Blond, Becca; Dunford, Lisa; Schulte-Peevers, Andrea (2008).
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^"Israeli, Palestinian Americans could share new 'Middle Eastern' census category". The Times of Israel. October 23, 2016.
Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved January 28, 2022. This derives from a 1915 court ruling in Dow v. United States, in which a Syrian American, George Dow, appealed his being classified by the government as Asian. At the time, such a designation resulted in the denial of citizenship under the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act.
^Meizhu Lui; Barbara Robles; Betsy Leondar-Wright; Rose Brewer;
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^Tojo Thatchenkery (March 31, 2000).
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