The following scientific events occurred or are scheduled to occur in 2024.

• 2 January – The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) publishes its JRA-55 dataset, confirming 2023 as the warmest year on record globally, at 1.43 °C (2.57 °F) above the 1850–1900 baseline. This is 0.14 °C (0.25 °F) above the previous record set in 2016. ^{[1][ full citation needed]}
• 3 January – The first functional semiconductor made from graphene is created. ^{[2] [3]}
• 4 January – A review indicates digital rectal examination (DRE) is an outdated routine medical practice, with a lower cancer detection rate compared to prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing and no benefit from combining DRE and PSA. ^{[4] [5]}
• 5 January
  • Scientists report that newborn galaxies in the very early universe were "banana"-shaped, much to the surprise of researchers. ^{[6] [7]}
  • An analysis of sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) taxes concludes scaling them could yield substantial public health benefits. ^{[8] [9]}
• 9 January
  • Scientists report studies that seem to support the hypothesis that life may have begun in a shallow lake rather than otherwise - perhaps somewhat like a " warm little pond" originally proposed by Charles Darwin. ^{[10] [11]}
  • A group of scientists from around the globe have charted paradigm-shifting restorative pathways to mitigate the worst effects of climate change and biodiversity loss with a strong emphasis on environmental sustainability, human wellbeing and reducing social and economic inequality. ^{[12] [13]}
  • Researchers have discovered a new phase of matter, named a "light-matter hybrid", which may reshape understanding of how light interacts with matter. ^[14]
  • A study of proteins in cerebrospinal fluid indicates there are five subtypes of Alzheimer's disease, suggesting it to be likely that subtype-specific treatments are required. ^{[15] [16]}
  • A study finds seaweed farming could be set up as a resilient food solution within roughly a year in abrupt sunlight reduction scenarios such as after a nuclear war or a large volcano eruption. ^{[17] [18]}
• 10 January
  • Chemists report studies finding that long-chain fatty acids were produced in ancient hydrothermal vents. Such fatty acids may have contributed to the formation of the first cell membranes that are fundamental to protocells and the origin of life. ^[19]
  • Scientists report the extinction of Gigantopithecus blacki, the largest primate to ever inhabit the Earth, that lived between 2 million and 350,000 years ago, was largely due to the inability of the ape to adapt to a diet better suited to a significantly changed environment. ^{[20] [21]}
• 11 January
  • Biologists report the discovery of the oldest known skin, fossilized about 289 million years ago, and possibly the skin from an ancient reptile. ^{[22] [23]}
  • Scientists report the discovery of Tyrannosaurus mcraeensis, an older species of Tyrannosaurus that lived 5-7 million years before Tyrannosaurus rex, and which may be fundamentally important to the evolution of the species. ^{[24] [25]}
  • A study of the Caatinga region in Brazil finds that its semi-arid biome could lose over 90% of mammal species by 2060, even in a best-case scenario of climate change. ^[26]
  • A graphene-based implant on the surface of mouse brains, in combination with a two-photon microscope, is shown to capture high-resolution information on neural activity at depths of 250 micrometers. ^{[27] [28]}
  • A review of genetic data from 21 studies with nearly one million participants finds more than 50 new genetic loci and 205 novel genes associated with depression, opening potential targets for drugs to treat depression. ^{[29] [30]}
  • The Upano Valley sites are reported as the oldest Amazonian cities built over 2500 years ago, with a unique "garden urbanism" city design. ^{[31] [32]}
  • A study presents results of a Riyadh-based trial of eight urban heat mitigation scenarios, finding large cooling effects with combinations that include reflective rooftop materials, irrigated greenery, and retrofitting. ^{[33] [34]}
• 12 January
  • Global warming: 2023 is confirmed as the hottest year on record by several science agencies. ^[35]
    • NASA reports a figure of 1.4 degrees Celsius above the late 19th century average, when modern record-keeping began. ^[36]
    • NOAA reports a figure of 1.35 degrees Celsius. ^[37]
    • Berkeley Earth reports a figure of 1.54 degrees Celsius. ^[38]
  • An AI-based study shows for the first time that fingerprints from different fingers of the same person share strong detectable similarities. ^{[39] [40]}
• 13 January – NASA fully opens the recovered container with samples from the Bennu asteroid, after three months of failed attempts. ^{[41] [42]}
• 16 January – The first successful cloning of a rhesus monkey is reported by scientists in China. ^{[43] [44]}

• 17 January – A study in Nature finds that the Greenland ice sheet is melting 20% faster than previously estimated, due to the effects of calving-front retreat. The loss of 30m tonnes of ice an hour is "sufficient to affect ocean circulation and the distribution of heat energy around the globe." ^{[45] [46]}
• 18 January
  • NASA reports the end of the Ingenuity helicopter's operation, after 72 successful flights on Mars, due to a broken rotor blade. ^{[47] [48]}
  • A potential candidate for the first known radio pulsar- black hole binary is reported by astronomers. The heavier of the two lies in the "mass gap" between neutron stars and black holes. The pair are located in the globular cluster NGC 1851. ^{[49] [50]}
  • Two insect-like robots, a mini-bug and a water strider, are reported as being the smallest, lightest, and fastest fully-functional micro-robots ever created. ^{[51] [52]}
  • Bottom trawling is found to release 340 million tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO₂) into the atmosphere each year, nearly 1 percent of all global CO₂ emissions in addition to acidifying oceans. ^{[53] [54]}
• 19 January – Japan becomes the fifth country to achieve a soft landing on the Moon, with its SLIM mission. ^{[55] [56]}
• 21 January – Biologists report the discovery of " obelisks", a new class of viroid-like elements, and "oblins", their related group of proteins, in the human microbiome. ^{[57] [58]}
• 23 January – A viable and sustainable approach for gold recovery from e-waste is demonstrated. ^{[59] [60]}

• 24 January
  • The discovery of 85 exoplanet candidates based on data from the TESS observatory is reported. All have orbital periods of between 20 and 700 days, with temperatures similar to those of Solar System planets. ^[61]
  • A global analysis of groundwater levels reports rapid declines of over 0.5 meters per year are widespread and that declines have accelerated over the past four decades in 30% of the world's regional aquifers. The study also shows cases in which depletion trends have reversed following interventions such as policy changes. ^{[62] [63]}
• 25 January – The Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) is given the go-ahead by the European Space Agency (ESA). It will launch in 2035. ^{[64] [65]}
• 26 January – Astronomers report the detection of water vapor in the atmosphere of GJ 9827 d, an exoplanet about twice the size of Earth. ^{[66] [67]}
• 29 January
  • Elon Musk's startup Neuralink implants their first microchip into a human brain. ^[68]
  • A robotic sensor able to read braille with 87.5% accuracy and at twice the speed of a human is demonstrated. ^[69]
• 31 January – NASA reports the discovery of a super-Earth called TOI-715 b, located in the habitable zone of a red dwarf star about 137 light-years away. ^{[70] [71]}
• Promising innovations relating to global challenges are reported: a self-powered solar panel cleaning system using an electrodynamic screen, removing contaminants through high-voltage electric fields, is demonstrated (4 Jan), ^{[72] [73]} an atmospheric water generator (WaterCube) for humidity levels above 40% is released (9 Jan). ^[74]
• Promising results of health and medical research are reported: mouse-tested novel antibiotics class (including Zosurabalpin) against A. baumannii (3 Jan), ^{[75] [76] [77]} small-trialed focused ultrasound for blood–brain barrier opening for better medication ( Aducanumab) entry against Alzheimer's disease (3 Jan), ^{[78] [79]} a review supports the efficacy of exercise against depression (15 Jan), ^[80] an available blood test to detect Alzheimer's disease with high accuracy using p-tau217 (22 Jan), ^{[81] [82]} one of two small-trialed gene therapies against DFNB9-deafness (24 Jan), ^{[83] [84]} phase 3-trialed dengue vaccine effective against at least two of four dengue types (31 Jan) ^{[85] [86]}
• Hazard research is published: ~240.000 particles of microplastic and nanoplastics (~90%) per liter are found in samples of plastic- bottled water (8 Jan), ^{[87] [88]} a study estimates harmful chemicals used in plastic materials have caused $249 U.S. healthcare system costs in 2018 (11 Jan), ^{[89] [90]} a study indicates fungal infections may be causing millions more deaths annually than thought (12 Jan), ^{[91] [92]} a study of European plastic waste exports to Vietnam finds a large fraction is dumped in nature and suggests air pollution from melting plastics and untreated wastewater have significant impact on health (18 Jan). ^{[93] [94]}

• 2 February
  • Scientists report a possible way of solving the three-body problem; a notable problem of particular importance to physics and classical mechanics. ^{[95] [96]}
  • Apple releases the Vision Pro as a virtual reality tool with visionOS. ^{[97] [98] [99]}
• 5 February
  • The proposed name Zoozve for Venus' quasi-moon 2002 VE is approved and announced by the International Astronomical Union's Working Group Small Bodies Nomenclature (WGSBN). ^[100]
  • A study based on 300-years-long temperature records preserved in Caribbean sclerosponge carbonate skeletons shows industrial-era warming already began in the mid-1860s and that by 2020, global warming was already 1.7±0.1 °C above pre-industrial levels. However, their reference period is not used by the IPCC and the 1.5 °C climate goal and the study's authors suggest their results show a better baseline. ^{[101] [102]}
  • A study reports high life satisfaction in people with low incomes among small-scale societies outside mainstream societies, ^{[103] [104]} in contrast with conclusions of a 2023 adversarial collaboration. ^[105]
• 6 February
  • Scientists report a new species of mussel named Vadumodiolus teredinicola. ^[106]
  • Biologists report a new species of jellyfish named Santjordia pagesi. ^[107]
• 7 February
  • Reported science studies suggest that cosmic dust particles may have spread, in a process termed panspermia, life to Earth and elsewhere in the Universe. ^{[108] [109]}
  • A battery based on calcium, able to charge and discharge fully 700 times at room temperature, is presented. It is described as a potential alternative to lithium, being 2,500 times more abundant on Earth. ^{[110] [111]}
  • Saturn's moon Mimas is reported to have a subsurface ocean which formed recently (<25 Mya). ^{[112] [113]}
• 8 February – Google renames AI chatbot Bard to Gemini, and makes it available on mobile. ^{[114] [115]}

• 10 February – An analysis of Outer London's Mini-Hollands active transport infrastructures indicates Low Traffic Neighbourhoods are highly effective and cost-efficient measures in terms of health economic benefits. ^{[116] [117]}
• 12 February – The first detection of water molecules on the surface of asteroids is announced, following spectral analysis of 7 Iris and 20 Massalia, two large main-belt objects. ^{[118] [119] [120]}

• 14 February – A study reviews educational content of 18,400 universities worldwide, finding higher education is not transitioning from fossil fuels to renewable energy curricula, failing to meet the growing demand for a clean energy workforce. ^{[121] [122]} On 26 February, a study analyzing funding sources and activities of two prominent academic centers delineates animal agriculture industry entrenchment in academia through support of industry-supported research and policy advocacy amid potential unfavorable policies. ^{[123] [124]}

• 17 February – A global review of harms from personal car automobility finds cars have killed 60–80 million people since their invention, with automobility causing roughly every 34th death, and summarises interventions that are ready for implementation to reduce the, largely crash-linked or pollution-mediated, deaths from automobility-centrism and dependency. ^{[125] [126]}
• 19 February
  • Astronomers announce the most luminous object ever discovered, quasar QSO J0529-4351, located 12 billion light-years away in the constellation Pictor. ^{[127] [128]}
  • Researchers with the University of Tennessee and University of Missouri publish an academic study about how survivors from the 2011 Joplin tornado recover from "Tornado Brain", a new term for the PTSD of tornado survivors. ^[129]
• 20 February – The northern green anaconda (Eunectes akayima), a new species of the giant snake, is described for the first time. ^[130]
• 21 February
  • Researchers use artificial intelligence to forecast plasma instabilities in fusion reactors up to 300 milliseconds in advance. ^[131]
  • The first neuroimaging study that shows flow state-related brain activity during a creative production task, jazz improvisation, is published. Its results support a theory that creative flow represents optimized specialized processing enabled by extensive experience, relaxing conscious control. ^{[132] [133]}

• 22 February – American company Intuitive Machines' Nova-C lander, named Odysseus, becomes the first commercial vehicle to land on the Moon in the IM-1 mission. ^{[134] [135]} The lander includes a Lunar Library that contains a version of the English Wikipedia, artworks, selections from the Internet Archive, portions of the Project Gutenberg, and more. It is projected to reside on the Moon in a readable state for billions of years. ^{[136] [137]}
• 23 February
  • Researchers report studies that, for the first time, measured gravity at microscopic levels. ^{[138] [139]}
  • Three new moons of the Solar System are discovered, one around Uranus and two around Neptune, bringing their total known satellites to 28 and 16, respectively. ^[140]
• 26 February – A small trial suggests prebiotic resistant starch, contained in many foods, can help in weight loss (~2.8 kg in 8 weeks). ^{[141] [142]}
• 28 February
  • A study links ultra-processed foods to 32 negative health impacts, including a higher risk of heart disease, cancer, type 2 diabetes, adverse mental health, and early death. ^{[143] [144]}
  • A study reconstructs the genetic event of tail-loss in human ancestors around 25 million years ago. ^{[145] [146]}
• Promising innovations relating to global challenges are reported: LAION releases a first version of BUD-E, a fully open source voice assistant (8 Feb), ^[147] Minesto's Dragon 12 underwater tidal kite turbines are demonstrated successfully, connected to the Faroe Island's power grid (11 Feb), ^[148] rice grains as scaffolds containing cultured animal cells are demonstrated (14 Feb), ^{[149] [150]} an automatic waste sorting system (ZenRobotics 4.0) that can distinguish between over 500 waste categories is released (15 Feb), ^[151] researchers describe an AI ecosystem interface of foundation models connected to many APIs as specialized subtask-solvers (16 Feb), ^[152] precision fermentation-derived beta-lactoglobulin is released as a substitute for whey protein amid growth of a nascent animal-free dairy industry (19 Feb), ^[153] researchers describe an approach for an optical disk with petabit capacity (21 Feb). ^{[154] [155]}
• Promising results of health and medical research are reported: phase 3-trialed R21/Matrix-M vaccine against Malaria (1 Feb), ^[156] phase 3-trialed resmetirom as first medication against nonalcoholic steatohepatitis of the liver (7 Feb), ^{[157] [158]} a blood test against heart attacks, the top cause of human deaths (12 Feb), ^{[159] [160]} a low-cost saliva test against breast cancer (13 Feb), ^{[161] [162]} pigs-tested patient repositioning method for magnetic microbot navigation against liver cancer (14 Feb), ^{[163] [164]} antibiotic cresomycin against multiple drug-resistant bacterial strains (15 Feb), ^{[165] [166]} small-trialed 15 min exposure to 670 nm red light against blood glucose spikes following meals (20 Feb), ^[167] small-trialed Omalizumab against food allergies (25 Feb), ^{[168] [169]} a donor heart is transplanted after 12 hours of preservation and transport using an airplane, ^{[170] [171]} small-trialed headgear for gamma stimulation to recruit the glymphatic system to remove brain amyloid against Alzheimer's disease (28 Feb). ^{[172] [173]}
• Hazard research is published: several dietary habits and products including teabags are linked to PFAS intake (4 Feb), ^{[174] [175]} an additional three billion people may face water scarcity by 2050 when river pollution is considered, an aspect neglected by prior assessments (6 Feb), ^{[176] [177]} HPV infection linked to higher cardiovascular mortality (7 Feb), ^[178] researchers use simulations to develop an early-warning signal for a potential collapse of the atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) and suggest it indicates the AMOC is "on route to tipping" (9 Feb), ^{[179] [180]} researchers report the H5N1 bird flu virus may be changing and adapting to infect more mammals (12 Feb), ^{[181] [182]} researchers report how compounding disturbances could trigger unexpected ecosystem transitions in the Amazon rainforest (14 Feb), ^{[183] [184]} harmful chlormequat is found in ~80% of U.S. adult urine samples, rising during 2023, and in oat-based foods widely thought to be healthy (15 Feb), ^{[185] [186]} excess amounts of widely-supplemented niacin (B3) are linked to cardiovascular risk (19 Feb), ^{[187] [188]} a review concludes available evidence on the use of puberty blockers and cross-sex hormones in minors with gender dysphoria is very limited and based on only a few studies with small numbers which have problematic methodology and quality, warning about their use outside of clinical studies or research projects after careful risk-benefit evaluation (27 Feb). ^{[189] [190]}

• 4 March
  • Astronomers report that the surface of Europa, a moon of the planet Jupiter, may have much less oxygen than previously inferred, suggesting that the moon has a less hospitable environment for the existence of lifeforms than may have been considered earlier. ^{[191] [192]}
  • Biochemists report making an RNA molecule that was able to make accurate copies of a different type of RNA molecule, moving closer to an RNA that could make accurate copies of itself, and, as a result, providing support for an RNA world that may have been an essential way of starting the origin of life. ^{[193] [194]}
• 6 March – The first creation of induced pluripotent stem cells for the Asian elephant is reported by Colossal Biosciences, a key step towards de-extinction of the woolly mammoth. ^[195]
• 12 March – Geologists identify a 2.4-million-year cycle in deep-sea sedimentary data, caused by an orbital interaction between Earth and Mars. ^{[196] [197] [198]}
• 13 March
  • The Artificial Intelligence Act, the world's first comprehensive legal and regulatory framework for artificial intelligence, is passed by the European Union. ^[199]
  • The largest inventory of methane emissions from U.S. oil and gas production finds them to be largely concentrated and around three times the national government inventory estimate. ^{[200] [201]} On 28 March, methane emissions from U.S. landfills are quantified, with super-emitting point-sources accounting for almost 90% thereof. ^{[202] [203]}

• 14 March – SpaceX successfully launches the Starship spacecraft, but loses the rocket upon re-entering the atmosphere. ^[204]
• 19 March
  • Scientists demonstrate a wireless network of 78 tiny sensors able to gather data from the brain, with potential to be scaled up to thousands of such devices. ^{[205] [206]}

• • Researchers with the National Severe Storms Laboratory, Storm Prediction Center, CIWRO, and the University of Oklahoma's School of Meteorology publish a paper where they state, ">20% of supercell tornadoes may be capable of producing EF4–EF5 damage" and that "the legacy F-scale wind speed ranges may ultimately provide a better estimate of peak tornado wind speeds at 10–15 m AGL for strong–violent tornadoes and a better damage-based intensity rating for all tornadoes" and also put the general 0–5 ranking scale in question. ^[207]
• 20 March – The removal of HIV from infected cells using CRISPR gene-editing technology is reported. ^[208]
• 26 March – A study outlines identified ecological pandemic prevention measures for policy frameworks. ^{[209] [210]}

• 27 March
  • The Event Horizon Telescope team confirms that strong magnetic fields are spiralling at the edge of the Milky Way’s central black hole, Sagittarius A*. A new image released by the team, similar to M87*, suggests that strong magnetic fields may be common to all black holes. ^[211]
  • A study calculates the production costs of diabetes medications such as insulin and ozempic and finds them to be much lower than market prices. ^{[212] [213]}
• 28 March – LHS 3844 b is confirmed as the first tidally locked super-Earth exoplanet. ^{[214] [215]}
• Promising innovations relating to global challenges are reported: researchers demonstrate simultaneous radiative cooling and solar power generation from the same area (13 Mar). ^[216]
• Promising results of health and medical research are reported: a blood test against colon cancer (13 Mar), ^{[217] [218]} mice-tested antibody-mediated depletion of myeloid-biased hematopoietic stem cells against immune system aging (27 Mar). ^{[219] [220]}
• Hazard research is published: a small trial links micro- and nanoplastics in carotid artery plaque to higher cardio and mortality risks (6 Mar), ^{[221] [222]} U.S. land area of ~1200 km² is threatened by coastal subsidence by 2050 due to sea level rise (6 Mar), ^{[223] [224]} an EEA risk assessment finds Europe underprepared for climate risks across five broad clusters (11 Mar), ^{[225] [226]} a preprint trial suggests large language models could be used for tailored manipulation, being more persuasive than humans when using personal information (21 Mar). ^{[227] [228]}

• 1 April – An entirely new class of antibiotics with potent activity against multi- drug resistant bacteria is discovered. These compounds target a protein called LpxH, and are shown to cure bloodstream infections in mice. ^{[229] [230]}
• 3 April – NASA selects three companies – Intuitive Machines, Lunar Outpost and Venturi Astrolab – to develop its Lunar Terrain Vehicle, for use in crewed Artemis missions from 2030 onwards. ^[231]
• 4 April – A study in Nature finds that global CO₂ emissions increased by only 0.1% in 2023, suggesting that a plateau may have been reached. ^[232]
• 5 April – A numerical toolkit designed for modelling warp drive spacetimes is introduced in Classical and Quantum Gravity. ^[233]
• 9 April – A rare genetic variation in a gene that makes fibronectin is shown to reduce the odds of developing Alzheimer's disease by over 70%. ^[234]
• 12 April
  • Biologists report that bonobos behave more aggressively than thought earlier. ^{[235] [236]}
  • Scientists report studies suggesting that tardigrades are protected from massive radiation exposure and damage by unique biochemicals, particularly, the Dsup protein. ^{[237] [238]}
• 15 April – The NOAA confirms a fourth global coral bleaching event. ^{[239] [240]}
• 16 April – Scientists at the Riken institute demonstrate "advanced dual-chirped optical parametric amplification", which provides a 50-fold increase in the energy of single-cycle laser pulses. This new technique may advance the development of attosecond lasers. ^[241]
• 23 April – The world's largest 3D printer, dubbed Factory of the Future 1.0 (FoF 1.0), is presented by the University of Maine. Using thermoplastic polymers, the machine can print objects as large as 96 feet (29 m) long by 32 feet (9.8 m) wide by 18 feet (5.5 m) high, at a rate of 500 pounds (230 kg) per hour. ^{[242] [243]}
• 24 April – Demonstration of synthetic diamond created at 1 atmosphere of pressure in around 150 minutes without needing seeds. ^{[244] [245]}
• 26 April – mRNA-4157/V940, the first personalised melanoma vaccine based on mRNA, enters a final-stage Phase III trial. ^[246]
• 29 April – Timothy A. Coleman, with the University of Alabama in Huntsville, Richard L. Thompson with the NOAA Storm Prediction Center, and Dr. Gregory S. Forbes, a retired meteorologist from The Weather Channel publish an article to the Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology stating, "it is apparent that the perceived shift in tornado activity from the traditional tornado alley in the Great Plains to the eastern U.S. is indeed real". ^{[247] [248]}

• 1 May – A new brain circuit that may act as a "master regulator" of the immune system is reported by scientists at Columbia University. ^{[249] [250] [251]}
• 3 May – China launches its Chang'e 6 probe, a robotic sample-return mission to the far side of the Moon. ^[252]
• 6 May
  • A new theory states that Venus may have lost its water so quickly due to HCO⁺ dissociative recombination. ^{[253] [254]}
  • People aged over 65 with two copies of the APOE4 gene variant are found to have a 95% chance of developing Alzheimer's disease. ^{[255] [256]}
• 8 May
  • Google introduces AlphaFold 3, a new AI model for accurately predicting the structure of proteins, DNA, RNA, ligands and more, and how they interact. ^[257]
  • Atmospheric gases surrounding 55 Cancri e, a hot rocky exoplanet 41 light-years from Earth, are detected by researchers using the James Webb Space Telescope. NASA reports this as "the best evidence to date for the existence of any rocky planet atmosphere outside our solar system." ^[258]

• 9 May
  • A record annual increase in atmospheric CO₂ is reported from the Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii, with a jump of 4.7 parts per million (ppm) compared to a year earlier. ^[259]
  • A cubic millimetre of the human brain is mapped at nanoscale resolution by a team at Google. This contains roughly 57,000 cells and 150 million synapses, incorporating 1.4 petabytes of data. ^{[260] [261]}
  • A study in Physical Review Letters concludes that the black hole in VFTS 243 likely formed instantaneously, with energy mainly expelled via neutrinos. This means it would have skipped the supernova stage entirely. ^{[262] [263]}
• 10 May – A series of solar storms and intense solar flares impact the Earth, creating aurorae at more southerly and northerly latitudes than usual. ^[264]
• 13 May – OpenAI reveals GPT-4o, its latest AI model, featuring improved multimodal capabilities in real time. ^{[265] [266]}
• 15 May
  • Astronomers report an overview of preliminary analytical studies on returned samples of asteroid 101955 Bennu by the OSIRIS-REx mission. ^[267]
  • SPECULOOS-3 b, an exoplanet nearly identical in size to Earth, is discovered orbiting an ultracool dwarf star as small as Jupiter and located 55 light-years from Earth. ^[268]
  • Solar energy is combined with synthetic quartz to generate temperatures of more than 1,000°C. This proof-of-concept method shows the potential of clean energy to replace fossil fuels in heavy manufacturing, according to a research team at ETH Zurich. ^[269]
• 16 May – A multimodal algorithm for improved sarcasm detection is revealed by the University of Groningen. Trained on a database known as MUStARD, it can examine multiple aspects of audio recordings and has 75% accuracy. ^{[270] [271]}
• 17 May – The world's smallest quantum light detector on a silicon chip is demonstrated by a team at the University of Bristol, 50 times smaller than their previous version. ^[272]
• 20 May – The first measurements of an exoplanet's core mass are obtained by the James Webb Space Telescope. This reveals a surprisingly low amount of methane and a super-sized core within the super-Neptune WASP-107b. ^[273]
• 23 May
  • New images from the Euclid space telescope are published, including a view of the Messier 78 star nursery. ^[274]
  • Astronomers using TESS report the discovery of Gliese 12 b, a Venus-sized exoplanet located 40 light-years away, with an equilibrium temperature of 315 K (42 °C; 107 °F). This makes it the nearest, transiting, temperate, Earth-sized world located to date. ^[275]
  • A team at Oregon State University shows that iron instead of cobalt and nickel can be used as a cathode material in lithium-ion batteries, improving both safety and sustainability. ^[276]
• 30 May – NASA reports that the James Webb Space Telescope has discovered JADES-GS-z14-0, the most distant known galaxy, which existed only 290 million years after the Big Bang. Its redshift of 14.32 exceeds the previous record of 13.2, set by JADES-GS-z13-0. ^[277]
• 31 May – Biologists report that Tmesipteris oblanceolata, a fern ally plant, was found to contain the largest known genome. ^{[278] [279]}

• 2 June – China successfully lands Chang'e 6 on the lunar far side. The robotic probe is set to begin sample collection before returning its 2 kg (4.4 lb) cargo on 4 June. ^[280]
• 4 June – The China National Space Administration's Chang'e 6 spacecraft lifts off from the surface of the far side of the Moon carrying samples of lunar soil and rocks back to Earth. ^[281]
• 5 June – Astronomers identify ASKAP J1935+2148, the slowest-spinning neutron star ever recorded, which completes a rotation just once every 54 minutes. ^[282]
• 11 June – Scientists report that serious kidney disease may be associated with human spaceflight. ^{[283] [284]}
• 12 June
  • The apparent gap in life expectancy between male and female organisms is explained by a team at Osaka University, Japan, who find that reproductive cells drive sex-dependent differences in lifespan and reveal a role for vitamin D in improving longevity. ^{[285] [286]}
  • The Economist reports that China has become a "scientific superpower", citing numerous examples of its rapid development across a wide range of fields. ^[287]
• 20 June – Following a surge in population of the Iberian lynx – from 62 mature individuals in 2001 to 648 in 2022 – the International Union for Conservation of Nature removes the animal from its "endangered" list, classing the animal as "vulnerable" instead. ^{[288] [289]}
• 24 June – The discovery of three Super-Earth candidates around HD 48948, a K-type dwarf star located 55 light-years away, is reported by the University of Exeter and the University of St Andrews. One planet lies within the habitable zone. ^{[290] [291]}
• 25 June – China's Chang'e 6 lunar exploration mission successfully returns to Earth after taking rock and soil samples from the far side of the Moon. ^[292] The orbiter proceeded on a mission to carry out observations at Sun-Earth Lagrange point L2 after dropping the sample off to Earth. ^[293]

• 2 July
  • Two new satellite galaxies of the Milky Way are discovered – Sextans II and Virgo III. ^[294]
  • The fifth busy beaver is proven. ^[295]
• 5 July – The first mouse model with a complete, functional human immune system is demonstrated. ^[296]
• 9 July – The first local extinction due to sea level rise in the United States is reported: that of the Key Largo tree cactus ( Pilosocereus millspaughii) in Florida. ^{[297] [298]}
• 11 July – Using the Hubble Space Telescope, scientists resolve the 3D velocity dispersion profile of a dwarf galaxy for the first time, ^[299] helping to uncover its dark matter distribution. ^[300]
• 15 July
  • Scientists announce the discovery of a lunar cave, approximately 250 miles (400 km) from Apollo 11's landing site. ^{[301] [302]}
  • China announces a plan to visit the asteroid 2015 XF261 in 2029. Similar to NASA's Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART), a probe will impact the body at a speed of 10 kilometres per second, and the resulting changes to its orbit will be studied. ^[303] This will occur when the asteroid is within seven million kilometres of Earth. ^[304]
• 29 July – Scientists at the University of Potsdam publish research on the simulation of gravitational waves from a failing warp drive. ^[305]
• 30 July
  • A study on North Sea oil and gas extraction finds that pollution can spike by more than 10,000% within half a kilometre around offshore drilling sites. ^[306]
  • The world's first fully automated dental procedure on a human is reported by Boston company Perceptive. ^[307]

• 1 August – A study in Nature finds that based on current policies, there is a 45% risk of at least one major tipping point by 2300, even if global warming is brought back to below 1.5 °C. The risk is "strongly accelerated" for peak warming above 2.0 °C. The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Current (AMOC) is identified as being at the most urgent risk of collapse – possibly occurring as early as 2040 – followed by the Amazon rainforest in the 2070s. ^{[308] [309] [310]}
• 7 August – Scientists in Australia publish a new 400-year temperature reconstruction for the Coral Sea, showing that recent ocean heat has led to mass bleaching on the Great Barrier Reef. ^{[311] [312]}
• 8 August – A study on the terraforming of Mars suggests that releasing metal nanorods into the planet's atmosphere could warm it by 30 K, and would be far more efficient than trying to do so with greenhouse gases. ^[313]
• 12 August
  • Liquid water is confirmed to be present at depths of 10 to 20 km (6.2 to 12.4 mi) below the surface of Mars, based on a new analysis of data from NASA's InSight lander. ^[314]
  • An Earth-sized, ultra-short period exoplanet called TOI-6255b is found to be undergoing extreme tidal distortion, caused by the close proximity of its parent star. This has resulted in an egg-shaped planet, likely to be destroyed within 400 million years. ^{[315] [316]}
• 14 August
  • The World Health Organization (WHO) declares mpox a public health emergency of international concern for the second time in two years, following the spread of the virus in African countries. ^[317]
  • Human ageing is found to progress in two accelerated bursts from the ages of 44 and 60, rather than being a gradual and linear process. ^{[318] [319]}
• 16 August – The Planetary Habitability Laboratory publishes a report concluding that the Wow! signal was likely been caused by a rare astrophysical event, the sudden brightening of a cold molecular cloud triggered by a stellar emission. ^[320]
• 23 August – BNT116, the world’s first mRNA lung cancer vaccine, begins a Phase I clinical trial in seven countries. ^[321]

• 4 September – The ESA/ JAXA BepiColombo mission performs the closest ever flyby of a planet, as it speeds past Mercury at a distance of just 165 km (103 mi). ^{[322] [323]}
• 10 September – Researchers in Sweden demonstrate a battery made of carbon fibre composite as stiff as aluminium and energy-dense enough to be used commercially. ^[324]
• 11 September
  • A study by Osaka University finds that the bluestreak cleaner wrasse (Labroides dimidiatus), a small tropical fish, may possess a form of self-awareness. ^{[325] [326]}
  • The Jülich Supercomputing Centre in Germany announces the start of installation for JUPITER, Europe's first exascale supercomputer. ^{[327] [328]}
• 12 September
  • OpenAI releases its "o1" series of large language models (LLMs), featuring improved capabilities in coding, math, science and other complex tasks. ^[329]
  • Jared Isaacman and Sarah Gillis complete the first commercial spacewalk and test slimmed-down spacesuits designed by SpaceX. ^[330]
• 16 September – A study in The Lancet estimates that antimicrobial resistance could cause 39 million deaths worldwide between 2025 and 2050. ^[331]
• 18 September
  • Scientists at CERN in Switzerland, using the ATLAS particle detector, observed quantum entanglement between quarks for the first time, and was also the highest-energy observation of entanglement so far. ^{[332] [333]}
  • The largest known pair of astrophysical jets is discovered within the radio galaxy Porphyrion, extending 23 million light-years from end to end. This surpasses Alcyoneus, the previous record holder at 16 million light-years. ^{[334] [335]}
• 19 September – A recently discovered near-Earth object called 2024 PT₅ is calculated to become a "mini-moon" with a temporary orbit around Earth from September 29 until November 25. It will return in the year 2055. ^{[336] [337]}
• 23 September – Scientists publish the first multi-century, multi-model forecast of Antarctic Ice Sheet loss derived from global climate models, which indicates that the West Antarctic ice sheet may undergo a near-total collapse by 2300. ^[338]
• 24 September – Researchers at ETH Zurich demonstrate an image-based AI model able to solve Google's reCAPTCHA v2, one of the world's most powerful tools for determining whether a user is human in order to deter bot attacks and spam. ^[339]
• 30 September – Researchers from Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich and Technical University Dortmund develop a new method merging confocal fluorescence microscopy with microfluidic laminar flow, that can detect nanoparticles and viruses quickly. It can be achieved by using the 3D-printed microscopy approach, Brick-MIC. ^[340]

• 1 October – The European Southern Observatory (ESO) reports the discovery of a sub-Earth-mass planet orbiting Barnard's star, the closest single star to the Sun at six light-years away. ^[341]
• 2 October
  • Scientists announce the first ever complete mapping of the entire brain of a fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, with a detail of 50 million connections between more than 139,000 neurons. ^[342]
  • Scientists detect a new jet of carbon monoxide (CO) and previously unseen jets of carbon dioxide (CO₂) gas on Centaur 29P by using the James Webb Space Telescope's Near-Infrared Spectrograph. ^[343]
  • Researchers at McGill University report a significant advance in solid-state batteries, which could improve their safety and efficiency. The new technique involves using a polymer-filled porous membrane, allowing lithium ions to move freely and eliminating the interfacial resistance between the solid electrolyte and the electrodes. ^[344]
• 3 October – Google releases a new feature, "Video Search", which will allow people to ask a question while filming video of something, and get search results. ^[345]
• 4 October – Scientists at Binghamton University develop artificial plants with leaves using biological solar cells, which can perform respiration, photosynthesis and generate electricity. ^{[346] [347]}
• 8 October – Researchers at REMspace achieve the first communication between two individuals in lucid dreams using specially designed equipments. ^[348]
• 9 October
  • A team of engineers, scientists, and astronauts tests the Handheld Universal Lunar Camera (HULC), a new camera designed for NASA's Artemis missions to the Moon. ^[349]
  • Pham Tiep, a professor of mathematics, solves two long-standing problems, the Height Zero Conjecture and the Deligne-Lusztig theory. Mathematicians believe that it may lead to advances in science and technology. ^[350]
  • Astronomers confirm that Jupiter's Great Red Spot is wobbling and fluctuating in size after observing its time-lapse video made from the images captured by the Hubble Space Telescope between December 2023 to March 2024. ^[351]
• 10 October
  • Scientists use a high-level machine learning model "SHBoost", to process data and estimate precise stellar properties for 217 million stars observed by the Gaia mission. ^[352]
  • NASA's space observatories and ISRO's AstroSat observe that a massive black hole has torn apart one star and is now battering another star by using stellar wreckage; with every strike it creates a huge splash of gas and X-rays. ^{[353] [354]}
  • Doctors at Copenhagen University Hospital complete surgery of a newly variant benign tumor, "Breakdance Bulge", on the scalp of a man who has been practicing headspin for several years, to perform breakdance. ^{[355] [356] [357]}
• 11 October
  • Astronomers observe the "inside-out" growth of NGC 1549 by using the James Webb Space Telescope. Researchers assume that it could solve the mystery of how these complex structures are being formed from gas clouds. ^[358]
  • Astronomers using Gaia Space Telescope observe 55 runway stars being ejected from R136 at about 62,000 mph (100,000 kph) in the Large Magellanic Cloud. ^[359]
• 12 October – The long-period comet C/2023 A3 (Tsuchinshan–ATLAS) makes its closest approach to Earth. ^[360]
• 13 October – SpaceX achieves the first successful return and capture of a Super Heavy booster from Starship, the biggest and most powerful rocket ever to fly. ^{[361] [362]}
• 14 October – NASA launches the Europa Clipper from Kennedy Space Center, which will study the Jovian moon Europa while orbiting Jupiter. ^{[363] [364]}
• 15 October – Physicists and Researchers from the Institute of Nuclear Physics of the Polish Academy of Sciences achieve the first coherent picture of atomic nuclei made from only quarks and gluons, fusing this picture with the model of nuclei made from protons and neutrons. ^[365]
• 16 October
  • NASA/ ESA's Hubble Space Telescope observes a stellar volcano on R Aquarii that blasts out huge filaments of glowing gas. ^[366]
  • Researchers at the University of Birmingham Medical School encounter a human cadaver with three penises. ^[367]
  • Researchers from the University of Science and Technology of China achieve coherent population trapping in a semiconductor double quantum dot system. ^[368]
  • A new world record for wireless transmission is set by a team at University College London, who achieve 938 Gigabits per second (Gb/s) over a frequency range of 5-150 Gigahertz (GHz). ^[369]
• 17 October
  • Scientists observe a black hole corona using NASA's Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer, and determine its shape for the first time. ^[370]
  • A study of 25 crowdsourced ideas aimed at reducing political polarisation in the United States is published in the journal Science. ^[371]
  • Neuroscientists discover that SUMO proteins trigger the reactivation of neural stem cells and allow them to develop and repair the brain. Scientists believe this mechanism could advance the treatment of common neurodegenerative diseases. ^[372]
  • Scientists build the world's smallest quantum computer using a single photon. ^{[373] [374]}
• 18 October
  • Researchers discover a fossilized sawfly in Australia and describe it as Baladi warru with the approval of the Mudgee Local Aboriginal Land Council. ^[375]
  • Researchers from Hebrew University of Jerusalem introduce a holography-based computational technique that can excel at medical optical imaging. ^[376]
  • Researchers from the University of Toronto develop an antibiotic that triggers bacterial cells to self-destruct. ^[377]
  • Researchers at Kumamoto University achieve reproduction of hematopoietic stem cells in vitro. ^[378]
• 19 October
  • Researchers at Rosario University develop a plant-based food supplement to protect bees' brains from neurotoxins. ^[379]
  • Researchers from University of Michigan demonstrate an ultra-fast, all-optical switch by pulsing circularly polarized light, that can excel at fiber-optic communication. ^[380]
• 22 October
  • Researchers from Hebrew University of Jerusalem discover a new set of bacterial toxins encoded in the genomes of certain bacteria, that can kill harmful bacteria and fungi. ^[381]
  • Researchers discover a new snake species in the Himalayas and describe it as Anguiculus dicaprioi, named after actor Leonardo DiCaprio. ^[382]
• 23 October
  • Researchers from University of Sydney generate sound waves on the surface of a newly designed microchip using lasers and a special glass "GeAsSe" made from germanium, arsenic and selenide. Scientists believe this technique could excel at communications technology. ^[383]
  • Physicists at Massachusetts Institute of Technology and California Institute of Technology observe a "black hole triple" for the first time. ^[384]
  • Astronomers using NASA/ ESA's James Webb Space Telescope detect the first brown dwarf candidates outside the Milky Way in NGC 602. ^[385]
• 24 October – Researchers at Tampere University develop the first non-electric touchpad. ^[386]
• 28 October – A study of the Uranian moon Miranda finds that it may contain a deep ocean of water below its surface. ^[387]
• 29 October – The NICER X-ray telescope identifies 4U 1820-30 as the joint fastest spinning neutron star, rotating 716 times per second, which is matched only by PSR J1748−2446ad. ^[388]
• 30 October – A study of the infinite monkey theorem concludes that even if all 200,000 chimpanzees in the world typed at the rate of one key per second, the entire works of Shakespeare would never be typed before the end of the universe. ^{[389] [390]}

• 14 November
  • AI-generated poetry is shown to be indistinguishable from human-written poetry and is rated more favourably. ^{[391] [392]}
  • A study in the British Journal of Sports Medicine finds that over-40s could live an extra five years if they adopted the exercise routines of the top 25% of the population, while the least physically active could potentially add 11 years to their lifespan. ^[393]
• 15 November – Measles cases are reported to have surged across the world, with an estimated 10.3 million infections in 2023, a 20% increase from 2022. ^[394]
• 19 November
  • Northern and central parts of the Great Barrier Reef are reported to have suffered their worst coral bleaching on record, with up to 72 per cent mortality. ^{[395] [396]}
  • Starship flight test 6 is launched. ^[397]
• 20 November
  • Climate change is found to have increased Atlantic hurricane wind speeds by 18 mph (29 km/h). ^{[398] [399]}
  • Progress on the Human Cell Atlas is reported, with a collection of 40 new scientific papers in Nature describing the project's latest discoveries. ^{[400] [401]}
• 21 November – The first close-up image of a star outside the Milky Way is reported, using the European Southern Observatory's Very Large Telescope Interferometer. The star WOH G64 is located in the Large Magellanic Cloud, about 160,000 light years away, and is shown to be surrounded by a torus-shaped cloud. ^{[402] [403]}

• Upcoming astronomical and space events for 2024 according to The New York Times. ^[404]
• Expected system first light of the Vera C. Rubin Observatory ^[405] and launch of the NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar. ^[406]
• Science-related budgets
  •   US: Various requested changes to budgets of science-related US institutions have been described with some information about the respective planned research programs. ^{[407] [408]}

• Close approach of asteroid 2020 BX₁₂ to Earth
• Potential collision of lost asteroid 2007 FT₃ with Earth

• Category:Science events
• Category:Science timelines
• List of emerging technologies
• List of years in science

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