Cyclogon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclogon

In mathematics, in geometry, a cyclogon is the curve traced by a vertex of a polygon that rolls without slipping along a straight line. [1] [2] There are no restrictions on the nature of the polygon. It can be a regular polygon like an equilateral triangle or a square. The polygon need not even be convex: it could even be a star-shaped polygon. More generally, the curves traced by points other than vertices have also been considered. In such cases it would be assumed that the tracing point is rigidly attached to the polygon. If the tracing point is located outside the polygon, then the curve is called a prolate cyclogon, and if it lies inside the polygon it is called a curtate cyclogon.

In the limit, as the number of sides increases to infinity, the cyclogon becomes a cycloid. [3]

The cyclogon has an interesting property regarding its area. [3] Let A denote the area of the region above the line and below one of the arches, let P denote the area of the rolling polygon, and let C denote the area of the disk that circumscribes the polygon. For every cyclogon generated by a regular polygon,

${\displaystyle A=P+2C.\,}$

Examples

Cyclogons generated by an equilateral triangle and a square

 Animation showing the generation of one arch of a cyclogon by an equilateral triangle as the triangle rolls over a straight line without slipping. Animation showing the generation of one arch of a cyclogon by a square as the square rolls over a straight line without slipping.

Prolate cyclogon generated by an equilateral triangle

Animation showing the tracing of a prolate cyclogon as an equilateral triangle rolls over a straight line without skipping. The tracing point X is outside the disk of the triangle.

Curtate cyclogon generated by an equilateral triangle

Animation showing the tracing of a curtate cyclogon as an equilateral triangle rolls over a straight line without skipping. The tracing point Y is inside the disk of the triangle.

Cyclogon generated by a convex quadrilateral
Cyclogon generated by a non-convex quadrilateral
Cyclogon generated by a star-like quadrilateral

Generalized cyclogons

A cyclogon is obtained when a polygon rolls over a straight line. Let it be assumed that the regular polygon rolls over the edge of another polygon. Let it also be assumed that the tracing point is not a point on the boundary of the polygon but possibly a point within the polygon or outside the polygon but lying in the plane of the polygon. In this more general situation, let a curve be traced by a point z on a regular polygonal disk with n sides rolling around another regular polygonal disk with m sides. The edges of the two regular polygons are assumed to have the same length. A point z attached rigidly to the n-gon traces out an arch consisting of n circular arcs before repeating the pattern periodically. This curve is called a trochogon — an epitrochogon if the n-gon rolls outside the m-gon, and a hypotrochogon if it rolls inside the m-gon. The trochogon is curtate if z is inside the n-gon, and prolate (with loops) if z is outside the n-gon. If z is at a vertex it traces an epicyclogon or a hypocyclogon. [4]